The Rape of Nanking - 1016 Words

Throughout The Rape of Nanking, the brutal massacre of thousands of innocent Chinese citizens is brought forth through the invasion of this ancient city taken over by the Imperial Japanese army. Iris Chang illustrates the graphic details of the murder and rape of these victims through the perspectives of different sides of the attack. Chang; furthermore, ties in the mass genocide and destruction displayed throughout the book with the example of the Japanese government’s desperate attempt to cover up the incident and the reluctance of the survivors to discuss it. In addition, the horrifying events of The Rape of Nanking only further motivated an uncontrollable desire for aggression, violence, and imperialism in the Asian community evidently†¦show more content†¦All of these factors ultimately led to the strategy to keep the incident of Nanking a secret for years to come. Chang warns of the threats to current society, through the dangers of an unchecked government, and the overuse of power and greed. Chang points out that many people, who had seen the aftermath of the town, continually denied the fact that it even happened and came up with reasons for what might have gone on. â€Å"General Nagano Shigeto stated in an interview to Mainichi Shimbun, â€Å"I think the Nanking Massacre and the rest was a fabrication†¦I was in Nanking immediately afterwards. Those women claiming to be sex slaves were in fact licensed Korean prostitutes†¦Japan had no choice but to go to war, because it was in danger of being crushed†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Chang 203) Although Iris Chang’s book provides meaningful details and thoughtful interviews about the Nanking massacre, many argue that her book is seriously flawed. Donald Zagoria asserted, â€Å"Chang’s account, based on extensive interviews with survivors and newly discovered documents, is utterly compelling yet, at the same time, in places unbearable to read† (Zagoria 163). The novel is full of good intentions from Chang, but is also full of misinformation and harebrained explanations. Joshua Fogel suggested, â€Å"The book begins to fall apart when she tries to explain why such a horror took place. Part of the problem is her lack of training as a historian and part is the book’s dualShow MoreRelatedThe Rape of Nanking1097 Words   |  5 PagesNikolina Jovanovic Global Lit Accel Dudek April 4, 2014 Rape of Nanking In late 1937, the Japanese army brutally murdered and assaulted civilians in Nanking, China over a period of six weeks. This event in history was one of the most horrendous and also an event that is rarely talked about or taught in school. This part of history was known as the Second Sino- Japanese war. The Japanese had a contempt for the Chinese people, thinking that they were the lowest race on the planet. China had aRead MoreEssay on The Rape of Nanking2412 Words   |  10 Pagescity of Nanking, was one of the most atrocious events in history. This event has been named both the Nanking Massacre and the Rape of Nanking. The torturous, violent techniques used by the Japanese army upon Chinese civilians and soldiers including dehumanizing them, addicting them to drugs, and other perverse and violent acts, are some of the most grosteque methods ever recorded that could only be thought of by sadistic Japanese soldiers. The events committed by the Japanese army in Nanking, are equallyRead MoreThe Rape Of Nanking And The Art1504 Words   |  7 Pagesuniversality, parallels are easily drawn between Iris Chang’s The Rape of Nanking and the art that was being created in Europe and the United States during the time of Hitler’s reign, including the work Seligmann, Stael and A lbright. We must look to other global sources for this insight, due to the lack of photographic documentation in China and creation of art after the fact. The war crimes Japanese soldiers inflicted upon the people of Nanking are one of the most heinous examples of this idea of exterminationRead MoreEssay about Rape of Nanking1241 Words   |  5 PagesRape of Nanking In December of 1937, the Japanese Imperial Army marched into Chinas capital city of Nanking and began to murder 300,000 out of 600,000 civilians and soldiers in the city. The six weeks of carnage would become known as the Rape of Nanking and represented the single worst atrocity during the World War II era in either the European or Pacific theaters of war. The actual military invasion of Nanking was preceded by a tough battle at Shanghai that began in the summer of 1937Read MoreThe Rape Of Nanking By Iris Chang1402 Words   |  6 PagesThe Rape of Nanking, by Iris Chang, describes the Japanese atrocities that took place in Nanking, China during World War II. Throughout their takeover and occupation of Nanking, the Japanese soldiers were exceedingly cruel to the Chinese people. According to Chang’s account and analysis of the events that transpired, Japanese attitudes towards gender played a key role in the soldiers’ violent, cold-blooded actions, and Chinese attitudes towards gender kept the victims silent. In the late 1890s, tensionsRead MoreEssay on The Japanese Rape of Nanking, China879 Words   |  4 PagesIn December of 1937, the Japanese Imperial Army invaded Nanking, China. They killed 300,00 out of the 600,000 people in China’s capital city. The six-week rampage by the Japanese is now known as the Rape of Nanking and the single worst atrocity during WWII era in either the European or Pacific theaters of the war. Before Nanking was invaded a tough battle in Shanghai began the war in the summer of 1937. The Chinese put up a shocking battle against japan. This was slightly embarrassing to Japan becauseRead MoreIris Changs The Rape Of Nanking And The Forgotten Holocaust1416 Words   |  6 PagesNanking, now modern day Nanjing, was once the former capital of China, boasting a flourishing economy. However, the tranquility of the populous city would soon collapse. In 1937, the Japanese army attacked the capital, and for weeks bloodshed and rape ensued. In the midst of war, the city became dilapidated and riddled with destruction. The aftermath resulted in a debatable death toll, ranging from tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of civilians and soldiers. Despite the atrocities and chaosRead MoreThe Mass Killings : The Holocaust Vs. The Rape Of Nanking991 Words   |  4 PagesThe Mass Killings: The Holocaust Vs. the Rape of Nanking Most people in the world never seem to realize the mass number of raping or killings that are going on around them. Meanwhile, during the holocaust, no one understood how much it was happening around them then either, except for the people it was happening to. Most people are aware of the savagery that occurred during the holocaust in Germany, but few have ever even heard of Nanjing, much less the rape of Nanjing. Both genocides share very closeRead MoreThe Rape Of Nanking And The Three Of The Art Works During World War II1266 Words   |  6 PagesWar II, Chinese still have many problems that have not been apologized by Japanese. One of the problems that Chinese faced during the war was the rape. Women were the most vulnerable existence during the war, and they were easiest existence to control. We can learn how the horror of the war affects on women. Through out the Iris Chang’s The Rape of Nanking and the three of the art works during World War II, which are Henri Matisseà ¢â‚¬â„¢s Daisies in 1939, Wilhelm Freddie’s Portable Garbo in 1941, and JeanRead MoreHistory of Nanking Massacre1009 Words   |  5 Pageshorrific Nanking Massacre occur 70 years ago, its history is barely buried like many of the dead were at the time. The Nanking Massacre (also known as the Rape of Nanking) occurred as a part of the 2nd Sino-Japanese War, which would then become part of World War II. This war involved the Republic of China defending against the invading Japanese forces. Unfortunately, China was weakened due to a civil war between the Communists and the Nationalists, so it was easily invaded. The Nanking Massacre

What Have Theorists Meant by Liberty Essay example

Liberty is a value that each person in a democratic society takes for granted. Taking this value from us, would remove the opportunity for individuals to make their own choices in life. Liberty is not a value that is constant throughout the various societies in the world, citizens of developed Western countries could be described has having considerably more liberty when compared with many of the less developed Arab nations. Theorists have studied the concept of liberty for centuries and there have been a number of different definitions, from people like Machiavelli to more modern theorists like Mill. It is the fundamental value that allows people to make decisions for themselves in civilised society. Without liberty, people would†¦show more content†¦`The aim of the ancients was the sharing of social power among the citizens of the same fatherland: this is what they called liberty. The aim of the moderns is the enjoyment of security in private pleasures; and they call liberty the guarantees accorded by institutions to these pleasures. Philosophers have advocated different views about the nature of freedom in society, positive freedom and negative freedom. Isaiah Berlin described negative freedom as `the absence of external constraints imposed by humans. Negative freedom is essentially the right to do what we want providing there is no law against performing the act and by performing the act we will not harm another individual. Positive freedom on the other hand is being your own master, being able to become your true self. Hollis (1996: 71) makes an interesting point when he states that there is very little difference between these forms of freedom except in language only, `Freedom from interference is freedom to do what one wants; freedom to flourish is freedom from impediments to ones flourishing. The framers of the `American Declaration of Independence (1776) were influenced by John Locke, specifically the second of his `Two Treatises on Government (1690). The Declaration of Independence (1776) gives each American the right to `life, liberty andShow MoreRelatedOrder In A Civic Society Is Kept By A Great Many Agents1733 Words   |  7 PagesThe political theorists Niccolà ² Machiavelli in The Discourses on Livy and Thomas Hobbes in Leviathan offer contrasting conclusions; the former believed obeying selfish motivation disastrous whereas the latter thought it fundamental towards maintaining the solvency of the country. The origin of their differing conclusions is found in their respective interpretations of the end a government is meant to serve; to the republican Machiavelli, the government is a means to individual liberty through politicalRead MoreCompare and Contrast Hobbes’s and Locke’s Views of the State of Nature and the Fundamental Purpose of Political S ociety. Whose View Is the More Plausible? Why?1564 Words   |  7 Pagesthe more plausible? Why? Introduction Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were both natural law theorists and social contracts theorists. While most natural law theorists have predominantly been of the opinion that humans are social animals by nature, Locke and Hobbes had a different perspective. Their points of view were remarkably different from those perpetuated by other natural law theorists. On the other hand, Locke’s perspective of human nature wasn’t quite as fine as Hobbe’s, although itRead MorePolitical Philosophy, By Steven Cahn1197 Words   |  5 Pagessignificant men have helped to achieve the structure of our past and present democracy as well as a plan of action for the rights and values that we as citizens can all relate to today. They are grounded in their thinking and tied together as a whole in ideas and practices of politics, philosophy and humankind. Possessors of morals and ethics reflected in their works have influenced current social interaction and the foundation of our current prac tice of democracy in which we have relied upon thisRead MoreSocial Control Theory Essay1320 Words   |  6 PagesThe social control approach to understanding crime is one of the three major sociological perspectives in contemporary criminology. Control theorists believe that conformity to the rules of society is produced by socialization and maintained by ties to people and institutions— to family members, friends, schools, and jobs. Put briefly, crime and delinquency result when the individual’s bond to society is weak or broken. As social bonds increase in strength, the costs of crime to the individual increaseRead MoreThe Meaning Of Human Nature870 Words   |  4 Pageseither wrote or read about it based on their individual definitions of what it means to be in the state of nature. Throughout this course we began with Thomas Hobbes, whose beliefs seemed quite ridiculous at times, but his ideas about what it meant to be a person in the state of nature, were support ed by what he believed to be true. Much like when Jean-Jacques Rousseau stated that fact does not matter before going into detail about what he believed to be true about the state of nature, he stood by hisRead More The Influence of John Locke Essay examples970 Words   |  4 Pagesgovernment in the world is the product only of force and violence, and that men live together by no other rules but that of beasts. Locke also felt that to understand political power right, and derive it from its origin. We must also consider what state all men are naturally in, and that is, a state of perfect freedom to order their actions, and dispose of their possessions and persons, as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of nature. Locke later published anonymously hisRead MoreFilling the Void: Karl Marx, John Stuart Mill and Others on Identity1145 Words   |  5 Pagescommon knowledge that in the past religion and myths were just ways for societies to explain events and occurrences that citizens of ancient societies did not have enough advanced knowledge to understand. It was also used as a way to oppress others, as seen in the explanation of class order and royalty as God placing a person where they were meant to be and that there was nothing one could do about it, because who can go against God himself? Religion played an even bigger part than that though, beingRead MoreCharacteristics Of A Nation State902 Words   |  4 Pagessynonymously, they have very different denotations. A nation can be defined as a geographical location where the inhabits share cultural similarities and have a sense of nationalism for where they are from. The term nation is used to describe culturally identity and attachment to a certain state. The term state serves more of a politically and governmental meaning because it labels a particular location as sovereign, giving the areas within the defined borders power over what goes on within thoseRead MoreThomas Hobbes State of Nature Essay1152 Words   |  5 Pagesof kill or be killed, without any regard for other than his own. Life was solitary, poor, brutish and short. This barbaric and primitive state is what Thomas Hobbes believed to be the State of Nature. Practical reason dictates that when threatened you either act, give up your property, or anticipate for a sign of weakness to act. This means that all have a right to everything so long as it can be attained. People cannot be trusted to follow the Golden Rule, or the ethic of reciprocity, seen in manyRead MoreEmpiricism Is The Theory That Experience1202 Words   |  5 Pagesto rationalism. This general thesis can receive different emphases and refinements; therefore, philosophers who have been label ed empiricists are united generally and may differ in various ways. The Empiricist Revolution helped facilitate discussion on real world, political problems. Since this revolution, philosophers and political theorists have developed two different ideas on what politics should be about and how a government should be ran: politics should be about making citizens more virtuous

Impact of Social Media on Tourism System

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Social Media on Tourism System. Answer: Introduction: Social media is playing significant role all fields of business operations. Thus, in case of the hospitality or tourism industry, social media also plays a substantial role in numerous tourism aspects specifically in decision-making and information search behaviors (Zeng Gerritsen, 2014). Consumers always engage with the social networking websites looking for the research trips, take informed decisions regarding their travelling purposes as well as share their personal experiences of a specific restaurant, airline or hotel (Hudson Thal, 2013). Social media can significantly influence the tourism marketing activities by focusing on best practices to interact with customers (Leung et al., 2013). Therefore, in this context, the major aim of this project is to demonstrate the impact of the social media on the tourism industry. Hence, this section simply outlines the layout of the research activities through which the entire research would be performed to reach a proper finding (Munar Jacobsen, 2014). A Tabular form has been portrayed by mentioning the milestones, planned research activities, actual scenario as well as comment section. Milestone Planned Actual Comment To explore the impact of social media on tourism industry by demonstrating how social media can enhance the customer base of hospitality organizations. To identify major trends in social media landscape identified in the tourism industry In order to accomplish the milestone of the project, a survey can be made among few consumers who avail the hospitality service through social media. On the other hand, some employees and managers can also be selected to interview them. Their comments regarding the topic of this project would help to reach a proper conclusion. The survey respondents and interviewees would help to reach proper findings by sharing their views regarding social media impacts and trends within the tourism industry. Near about 100 consumers have been approached to participate in this survey. However, half of them were agreed to participate in this survey. Apart from that, similar problem was encountered while approaching the managers and employees from the hospitality sectors. Approximately, 25 employees and managers were asked to participate within the interview sessions. However, just 12 of them were agreed to give interview regarding this matter. The survey as well as the interview sessions arranged among the consumers and the employees and managers respectively can be proven very helpful to reach a proper finding. Their responses can provide the positive or negative conclusion regarding the impact of social media on hospitality industry. Issues There is a probability of occurrence of few consequences while conducting the research on exploring the impact of social media on tourism industry (Hudson et al., 2015). The major constraints are generally associated with the process of conducting the survey and the interviews among the employees (Munar Jacobsen, 2013). The researcher would conduct online surveys among the consumers who avail the services of hospitality industry. There are two major issues associated with conducting the research such as time constraint and proper cooperation from the participants (Hays, Page Buhalis, 2013). These constraints with time limitation as well as no-response should be effectively mitigated as early as possible so that the project can executed efficiently (Dijkmans, Kerkhof Beukeboom, 2015). Hence, the description of the constraints, date of resolving issues, actions to be accepted to mitigate the consequences and the status of activity completion have been portrayed in a tabular form giv en below. Description Date Action / Results Finished (Y/N) Time Constraint Time limitation is the major issue to conduct this entire project. Due to the short time of conducting the survey and interviews, researchers would be failed to interpret the proper finding of the project. 27th March, 2017 In order to resolve the time constraint associated with this research, it is necessary to properly schedule the entire project activities. Moreover, the researcher should always try to accomplish all the individual activities within the specified timelines allotted for those operations. No Cooperation from the respondents If people who have been approached for the survey or interviews are not agreed to participate then the researcher would face failure in executing the project efficiently and within the given time. 28th March, 2017 This kind of conflict is quite obvious to be encountered while conducting a specific project. Therefore, the researcher should follow few significant strategies to easily convince people to participate in the survey. On the other hand, the interview span should be limited as the corporate people have to manage time from their busy schedules. Thus, it can easily become an appropriate convincing factor for the employees and managers who work in tourism industry. No Cost the financial limitations can become a very crucial issue for the project to be executed. This particular constraint is often encountered if the project execution is not done within the given timeline set to execute the project. The researcher has to bare extra cost while project execution exceeds deadline allotted for the entire project execution. 29th March, 2017 The financial limitation should be minimized by restricting the delay occurring during the project execution. It would also help the researcher to execute the entire project within the budget considered for the project completion No Technical issues conducting online survey While conducting the online survey, technical difficulties can be encountered. Issues in internet connectivity can become a major concern while conducting the survey. The accessibility of the online websites can also be a crucial issue for the project execution. 30th March, 2017 The online website for conducting the survey should be accessible to the participants. Internet connectivity must be strong enough so that participants can effectively provide their responses in the survey. No References Dijkmans, C., Kerkhof, P., Beukeboom, C. J. (2015). A stage to engage: Social media use and corporate reputation.Tourism Management,47, 58-67. Hays, S., Page, S. J., Buhalis, D. (2013). Social media as a destination marketing tool: its use by national tourism organisations.Current issues in Tourism,16(3), 211-239. Hudson, S., Thal, K. (2013). The impact of social media on the consumer decision process: Implications for tourism marketing.Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing,30(1-2), 156-160. Hudson, S., Roth, M. S., Madden, T. J., Hudson, R. (2015). The effects of social media on emotions, brand relationship quality, and word of mouth: An empirical study of music festival attendees.Tourism Management,47, 68-76. Leung, D., Law, R., Van Hoof, H., Buhalis, D. (2013). Social media in tourism and hospitality: A literature review.Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing,30(1-2), 3-22. Leung, X. Y., Bai, B. (2013). How motivation, opportunity, and ability impact travelers' social media involvement and revisit intention.Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing,30(1-2), 58-77. Munar, A. M., Jacobsen, J. K. S. (2013). Trust and involvement in tourism social media and web-based travel information sources.Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism,13(1), 1-19. Munar, A. M., Jacobsen, J. K. S. (2014). Motivations for sharing tourism experiences through social media.Tourism management,43, 46-54. Zeng, B., Gerritsen, R. (2014). What do we know about social media in tourism? A review.Tourism Management Perspectives,10, 27-36.

The essence of a managers job

Introduction How does it feel when an employer denies an individual a career advancement opportunity at the workplace, only because a computer has randomly selected the qualified individuals? In this era of stiff competition among firms as illustrated by time and eminence, managers have employed the use technology in decision-making.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The essence of a manager’s job specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These accessories aid the process of making organizational decisions. Furthermore, they believe that these electronic accessories help in making quick and accurate decisions. Hence, they manage to withstand stiff competition from other companies. It is clear that even if managers use these software and computers in making their decisions, they are certain that the decisions will be more rational. It is crucial for managers to accept advice to reduce the use of such accessories when making decisions. Some of the reasons why the decisions made by managers will not be more rational are the fact that, computers and software tools restricts the scope of making decisions, as there are decisions that require the application of an individual’s principles and skills. Moreover, these technologies easily results in errors when used in making organizational decisions since there are no consultations done during the process. In making decisions that are more rational, human conscience plays an imperative role, unfortunately decisions influenced by technology lack this concept. Additionally, rational decisions free of individual manipulation are tenable. However, it is easy to manipulate technology-assisted decisions to favor a certain subject. Computer experts who enter the programs used in this processes can easily do this. Rational decisions are real since human instinct facilitates the process. However, this is not the case when decisions are made with the aid of technology. Rational decisions made without the use of computers seem to convince the subjects more. It is a fact that, managerial decisions aim at achieving company goals. Thus, use of technology might as well fail to meet the company goals. Most importantly, a decision crafted in a rational manner is flexible. This means that the decisions can be reversed or made to accommodate other concepts if need arises. It is noteworthy that this is not possible when decisions are made using computers and software tools. In as much as computers and software tools allow managers to congregate information and scrutinize them easily, they make their decisions faulty or irrational.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Birrell Ould (2008) highlight that, in a normal managerial setting, rational decisions made by managers are not limited in scope. This is because most of the decisions do not i nvolve the use of computers and software tools, but rather embrace consultative approaches. On the contrary, the decisions made with the aid of computers and software tools are limited to certain range of decisions (Birrell Ould, 2008). For example, consider a situation where a manager in an outside catering food firm like McDonalds has to make a decision on which employee is to deliver food to a client whenever there is shortage in work force. It is obvious that the chosen employee should be the one who has little or no work at that time. In such a situation, a computer or software tool cannot aid in making such a decision. Thus, the use of these software tools and computers is limited and does not enable a manager reach decisions that are more rational. It is significant to note that most managerial decisions are majorly interactive. Thus, managers are required to make decisions basing on their interaction with employees. As a result, technology cannot help in coming to such conc lusions. For example, a computer cannot assist managers keep their employees at elevated job contentment and motivation. This is a decision made strictly by managers after interaction with the personnel. In the end, the decisions made with the aid of technology portend several limitations (Ranganathan and Sethi, 2002). The use of computers and software tools to make decisions does not help managers in enhancing rationality because such decisions are prone to errors. Most importantly, rational decisions are characterized by diminished levels of errors. This comes about because such decisions are taken in a collective setting such as meetings. On the contrary, the decisions facilitated by computers are prone to errors because they base on the data entered into these computers. In most cases, individuals who might create errors during this process enter such data. As a result, the errors affect all the decisions made using computers containing these data. In the end, the computer might help the manager to make a quick decision but the resultant decision will be less rational or faulty (Longman Mullins, 2005). For example, if a manager of a research organization like Transparency International bases his decision on research collected from online sources, he might end up making errors. This is from research previously made by the individuals who posted information on such sources. Computers accurately analyze data consequently identifying the management processes that work. Despite this, a manager has to look rationally at the data the computer analyses to ensure it is authentic.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The essence of a manager’s job specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In case, data used is of poor quality and unreliable, the manager has the option of rejecting the results produced by the computer thus seeking alternative measures. This means that ultimately a more rational decisio n comes about without the use of computers and other software tools. In such a situation, the computer might ease the procedure of decision-making, but will not aid in making a rational decision (Longman Mullins, 2005). It is evident that for a manager to make rational decisions, he needs to engage his conscience at elevated levels. This is because human conscience is an important aspect that contributes to rational decisions. Regardless of the usefulness of technology, it is clear that managers lack this essential aspect. In the end, the decisions taken will be less rational. Some of the essential concepts constituted in human conscience during decision-making include multiculturalism and diversity concerns. In essence, these are concepts a manager should consider when making administration decisions. Decisions made whilst considering these concepts are always taken as balanced. It is noteworthy that the surrounding or environment contributes to the decision-making procedure since it may offer either serenity or conflict. However, these concepts do not apply when using computers and software tools. Hence, decisions based on different technologies might be less rational (Dennis, Rennecker, and Hansen, 2010). For example, consider an international poverty obliteration organization like ‘Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation’ that seeks to amass data in remote part of the African continent. It will require study assistants. During the staffing process, the managers must put into consideration the concepts of diversity and multiculturalism. This is because the data compilation procedure entails interviewing the community, a fact that makes it important for the interviewer to be of African origin, thus speaks, understands the indigenous language, and embraces the culture of the community. In such a situation, human conscience will play a major role in the making the decision. In the event that the decision is made using a computer or software tools, it m ight fail to meet the expectation as pertains to rationality in the decision-making procedure. This is because someone who does not meet the above criteria will be chosen as an interviewer in accordance to the list of names available in the computer (Dennis, et. al, 2010). Hohmann (2003) insists that, a rational decision is based on reality and not assumptions. Decisions made using software tools and computers lack such an essential feature. This is because most of the data and procedure used focus on assumptions and approximation. As a result, they do not provide decisions, which are rational though they increase swiftness whilst making decisions.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In most cases, the concept of reality in a rational decision constitutes the ideas and factors experienced in life. Thus, it should not be a technology-based decision but rather a process that exemplifies life experiences. Even though, managers can use computers and software tools in decision-making, such technologies do not guarantee rational decisions. Consider a society based organization concerned with empowering young people such as ‘International Federation of Liberal Youth’. It is obvious that such an organization will need to address the real factors affecting the community. This means it should seek background information from youths residing in the area, contrary to seeking such information from online sources. The youths will give the organization fast-hand information based on personal experience. This is unlike online sources, which rely on articles posted by individuals lacking information from newspapers and other third party sources. In the event that th e manager decides to acquire information from online articles, it will culminate in a less rational decision. This means that the continuous use of computers and software tools do not help managers make decisions that are cogent (Zaratà ©, 2008). According to Keen Sol (2008), decisions made with the aid of technologies are not convincing. This is because they lack human touch, which include emotions and exact proof (Keen, 2008). As a result, the persons affected might fail to accept or get convinced. For example, if Coca-Cola Company is retrenching its employees, the management ought to base the selection of these employees on their efficiency at the workplace. In cases when an employee is retrenched basing on a random computer selection, the decision might not convince the concerned employee, especially when he or she has been working efficiently. Eventually, the employee might end up contesting the decision because it does not address other important factors like input into the company. Most importantly, managers might use computers and software tools in making balanced decisions on matters concerning business. However, the decisions might not be rational even when the technologies are used frequently (Williams, 2003). It is a fact that, using computers and software tools in decision-making do not make them more rational, but rather encourages personal preferences and biasness. This happens when managers instruct the individuals entering information into the organizational computers to consider certain processes that favor their decisions at the expense of other employees or colleagues. This is not only a poor and insincere managerial practice, but also unethical behavior. It is noteworthy that the use of these technologies should be discouraged as they compromise managerial decisions. It is noteworthy that their frequent use might encourage poor leadership. As a result, it is advisable for managers to use this technology where applicable. For example, con sider a multinational company such as Unilever. If its board members request the manager to provide information concerning the number of employees that have been issued with company insurance cover, the manager might provide wrong information. This is because he will want to prove to the board that he is working efficiently so that he can receive favors such as a salary or allowance increment. In achieving this, he might issue the person in charge of ‘company’s Information Technology’ with false information. This information will be posted in the company website thus; the board members will access it. This is at the expense of those employees who are perceived as covered by the company insurance yet they are not. Hence, the board will make a decision that favors the manager basing on false and biased information (Ranganathan and Sethi, 2002). According to Zaratà © (2008), as an organization pursues managerial duties, organizational objectives are considered befo re decisions are taken. Thus, the use of software tools and computers in enhancing the decision-making process might make an organization fail in achieving its objectives. This leads to less rational decisions that do not meet the company standards because individuals who designed and programmed these technologies have no idea about the company’s objectives. An illustration pertains to the ‘United Nations World Food Programme’. This organization might focus on maintaining steady food provisions in war torn regions like Darfur refugee camp. Then all of a sudden, the manager might come across information in the internet that another organization has provided food to this region that will last for significant periods. Hence, the manager might decide to conclude the provision of food to this area. It is evident that he will have used the information acquired in the computer to make the decision. Even though, the decision will be rational, it will make the organizatio n fail in achieving its purpose (Zaratà ©, 2008). The technologies used by managers in decision-making do not facilitate rational decisions but rather encourages lethargy at the work place. Thus, managers delay decision-making duties. Furthermore, they end up making late decisions using these technologies. As a result, they are often rushed and less rational. For example, consider an organization like ‘British petroleum limited’. When the executive director is supposed to make a decision on which contractor to give the tender for the renovation of the company’s underground petroleum reservoirs he might delay this decision. This is because he knows he can make a choice swiftly using the random selection options offered by the computer. Hence, he might wait until the dying moments before doing so. In the end he can chose a contractor who is less qualified as he does not have the time to scrutinize their qualifications. At this time, he will have made a less ration al decision because of random selection (Harmon, 2003). Jain, (2010) insists that, when on duty, managers gain experiences and skills that cannot be attained theoretically in class. As a result, this helps them in the making decisions that are more rational. In the event that they start using technologies when making their decisions, the managerial expertise and experiences gained previously will be diminished. Hence, they will start making less rational decisions. Consider the ‘executive director of British Airways Company’. If he makes decisions basing on his interaction with personnel, he will have good working relations and excellent managerial skills. However, if he disengages from the employees and starts basing his decisions on the management literatures found online, his managerial skills will diminish. It is obvious that workers will not be contented with his leadership, as he will engage in less rational decisions. Thus, these decision-making technologies shou ld not be used over extended periods (Jain, 2010). Conclusion Frequent use of computers and software tools by managers makes their decisions irrational since it limits their scope. Additionally, such decisions are on numerous occasions prone to errors. This is an indicator that the data used are based on inaccuracies. It is further indicated that the decisions arising from data amassed by computers and related devices are less rational, upon comparison to decisions made when a manager interacts with personnel. It is not forgotten that human conscience is a vital constituent in the decision-making procedure; however, it significantly lacks whilst utilizing computers and related software. Information found in computers and software tools are founded on assumptions and approximation rather than reality. This indicates that technologies fail to add value to the rational decisions taken by managers. On the other hand, some people believe that computers provide managers with detailed and analyzed information that assists them in making decisions. In the end, they consider these technologies as added advantages to the manager’s decision-making skills. References Birrell, N. Ould, M. (2008). A Practical Handbook for Software Development. 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Rationality in Strategic Information Technology Decisions: The Impact of Shared Domain Knowledge and IT Unit Structure.  Decision Sciences, 33:  59–86. Williams, W. (2003). Management, Volume 1. Ohio, OH: Thomson/South-Western publishers. Zaratà ©, P. (2008). Collaborative Decision Making: Perspectives and Challenges. Amsterdam: IOS Press. This essay on The essence of a manager’s job was written and submitted by user Heidi Spence to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.