Write an analysis on the story barn burning by William faulkner Essay

Write an analysis on the story barn burning by William faulkner - Essay Example Compelled by his habit, he gets annoyed with De Spain’s attitude and he drops some horse droppings on his very expensive carpet. De Spain asks him to give him 20 bushels of corn against the charge of the rug. Furious, Abner sues him and the court orders to give De Spain 10 bushels of corn instead of 20. Abner still furious decides to set the De Spain’s barn on fire. Sarty stops his father from doing wrong but when he does not listen, he warns De Spain and runs away and never looks back towards his family again (Wilson 434). The story has been one of the best selling of its time. It was also adapted to a short film in 1980, which was very much loved around the world. The story basically gives the idea of believing in what is right and never standing by lies and falsehood. It is pretty much proven that the Snopes’ family completely relies on each other in right or wrong decisions. The family seems to be living in their own world which is outside society values and even outside law, rather than on traditional values of right and wrong. Even though it’s your own father, one should stand what is right always even if they are standing alone. Family loyalty is very important but what is more important is that you never give anybody a chance to questions your honesty, integrity and truthfulness. This will make you away from your family once in a while, but there will come a time when the family will be reunited and you will get the reward of your good deeds. The story has decently listed characters, the main being the father, Abner Snopes and the son, Sarty Snopes. A peace demanding judge is mentioned twice at different occasions. The first person who complained was named Mr Harris and the second was the person that was sued who also was the new landlord De Spain. Mentioned only one are Sarty’s mother, his two sisters, his brother and his aunt. The characters have not been over done by the writer.

Violence Is A Feminist Issue Sociology Essay

Violence Is A Feminist Issue Sociology Essay Violence against women and children has always been a concern for women movements. Violence within the family set-up was seen as a social problem and this was recognized by women rights movements who acted as catalysts in the 1870s for human rights (Costin et al., 1996; Gordon, 2002). In the early 1900s, feminism was an original expression of women advocates who were campaigners of right to life and right for women to vote in the United States and the United Kingdom. Later on in the 1970s, the meaning of feminism was changed by liberals in order to have a representation of people who were in favour of abortion and similar roles for women in the society. My purpose in this essay will be to define and problematise key concepts used such as violence, feminism and patriarchy using various definitions given by key authors. My main focus in this paper will be to discuss violence against women and demonstrate that violence is a feminist issue by examining radical feminist arguments around p atriarchal violence against women. I will also argue that violence is not only a feminist issue basing on the violent experiences men go through in a human rights perspective then critically analyze the findings. Violence to start with has been defined in various ways by a number of authors. According to Martin Luther Kings (1964), Violence is immoral because it thrives on hatred rather than love. It destroys a community and makes brotherhood impossible. World Health Organization (WHO) defines violence as the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person or against a group or community that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment or deprivation. This kind of violence as described by WHO, could be self-directed, interpersonal or collective kind of violence. Stanko (2003) states that what violence means is and will always be fluid, not fixed; it is mutable (2003: 3). For the purposes of this essay, I will use Salmis (1993) definition which states that violence is any avoidable action that constitutes a violation of a human right, in its widest meaning, or which prevents the f ulfillment of a basic human need (Salmi 1993, Chap 3). Feminism on the other hand according to historian and activist Cheris Kramarae (1991), is the fundamental idea that women are human beings and as a movement, it advocates for womens rights where they live on equal terms with men and no discrimination is put upon them by the law or their culture. In general terms, feminism can be described as a movement for social, cultural, political and economic equality of men and women. It strives for equal rights for women by promoting campaigns against gender inequalities. Feminism has had several historical waves which have stated various rights of women over time. The first-wave feminism which came between the 18th Century and the World War II aimed at ensuring that women had basic civil rights such as voting and owning property. The second-wave feminism started at the end of the World War II until the 1980s when the amendment of the equal rights was defeated. Its main agenda was to campaign for equality between both women and male sexes (Rosen, 2000) by trying to pass the Equal Rights Amendment and also protect the womens reproductive choice. The last wave was the third -wave feminism which wanted to seek equality for all women form racial justice, class oppression to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender rights. Liberal, radical and cultural feminism are different kinds of feminism which seek for various rights for women, these will be discussed at a later state of this essay. For the purposes of this essay, I will also discuss patriarchy. Patriar chy in general is described as a system in which men have power over women. According to Renzetti Curran(1999), patriarchy is a system of social stratification, which means that it uses a wide array of social control policies and practices to ratify male power and to keep girls and women subordinate to men (1999: 3) . Violence is a feminist issue Feminism has played a major role in effecting the social changes in the Western society and this has resulted to giving it more attention. Some people see feminism as an acceptable form of fighting for women rights while others look at it as a destroying factor of traditional gender roles in the society in which some feminists say that these roles are used to oppress and silence women. The feminity and masculinity of human beings has been challenged by radical feminists as mutually exclusive and biologically determined categories. Radical feminists seek to eradicate feminity and masculinity characteristics restricting womens competences and reinforcing male dominance. While sex differences are linked to biological differences between male and female, gender differences are imposed socially or even politically by constructed contrasting stereotypes of masculinity and femininity (de Beauvoir, 1970: 258). Radical feminists consider patriarchy as the root cause of social problems such as inequalities, oppressions, and injustices indicating that oppression of women came from the underlying bias of a patriarchal society. These feminists argue that patriarchal violence against women keeps women subordinate, oppressed and unequal to their male counterparts. The term violence against women according to the declaration of the United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing in 1995 means any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, patriarchy was mainly used to describe the power of fathers (patriarchs) within families and according to Fredriech Engels (1884) and Max Weber (1922) family-centered patriarchy was imita ted in the economic and political dominance of men in society. The broader system of family centered patriarchy was called patrimonialism by Weber. Radical feminists such as Brownmiller (1975); Griffin (1971); Millett (1971) and Mitchell (1971), argue that the greatest capacity for male violence against women is linked to the origin and nature of patriarchy and that violence is a something that men use to control and maintain their dominance. Brownmiller (1975) and Mitchell (1971) believe that for men to act violently there is an existence of dissimilar level of physical strength between sexes. On the other hand, Millett (1971) and Griffin (1971) denote that there is a difference on how the two opposite sexes use violence which is influenced by culture and current technological developments. It has been assumed that all men are capable of being violent and that all women are submissive. The aim of Radical feminists has been to determine individual identity; free language and culture from the masculinity seize, and re-organize the power of politics, determine the significance of human behaviour and challenge what is valuable to i ndividuals. Mandell (1995) argues that radical feminists believe that unless the notion of sexuality is reformed and rebuilt, womens image and representation will always be subordinate to men. According to Heywood (2003) Women are subordinated as a sex that is subject to pervasive oppression and not as individuals who happen to be denied rights or opportunities (2003:254). Radical feminists have raised the shortcomings of individualism as the basis of gender politics and this has resulted to ignoring the structural role that patriarchy plays. They have received criticisms from Marxist feminists for completely ignoring the basis of patriarchy which happens to be historical, materialistic and economic. At the same time, Alison Jaggar in Feminist Politics and Human Nature (1971) states that social organizations determine gender differences in the society and so women should be in control of their lives. Jaggar (1971) critiques radical feminists for not recognizing reasons that brought about patriar chy and its structures. Violence is not only a feminist issue Men continue to experience domestic violence within the society and even though many of them do not come out to report about the abuse, the issue is still a human rights matter that has to be addressed. In this essay, I will be interested in exploring the human rights perspectives and compare them with the feminists ones in order to come up with an argument that covers both sides of gender violence. Stanko (2006) argues that gender is more that just being male or female. Many people only view gender as a psychological and social system of reference. According to Stanko (2006) the work of feminists on domestic and sexual violence clearly explains the criminal harm against humanity as a justification to freedom of behavior in close relationships. Feminists insist on dealing with violence as ordinary and everyday activities in womens lives whereas human rights activists follow legal dimensions that address the needs of each and every individual in order to enjoy the conditions that call for a decent life. Stanko (2006) continues to state that in domestic settings, mens experiences of sexual and physical violence should be treated as similar to that of women. For a very long time, criminology as a discipline has portrayed womens use of violence against men as normal (Klein, 1973). Human rights, according to Merry (2006) promote equality, individual choices, individual autonomy and secularism. Gender violence which includes violence against women is a violation against human rights and as Merry argues, it is deeply established from the cultural and religious beliefs. Very often, the communities that commit acts of aggression resist change. Womens human rights are violated in a number of ways and many a times, the violation of womens rights is mainly by the fact that they are female and are abused on the basis of their gender. Many people have argued that feminism has been re-shaped by the fact that the last decade has seen major changes in terms of labelling womens rights as human rights (Walby, 2002). Historically, women as both victims and offenders have had many disadvantages in the eyes of the law and men have dominated in each aspect from politics to domestic settings. Theorists such as Copelon, (1994) and Roth (1994) have argued that in order to disclose the usefulness of human rights for women, public and private divide relating to violence against women has to be challenged. Comparing feminist with human rights perspective, it is clear that in reference to the terms of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, women enjoy the same rights, freedoms and autonomy as men. Feminism has been known for contending for gender equality and bringing to an end the gender based discriminations against women. Most feminists do not agree to the fact that men are equally oppressed as women and they insist that equality between sexes would make the society a better place. While feminisms agenda is to campaign against gender inequalities and strive for equal rights for women, human rights motives provide the general basic fundamental rights which each human being is entitled to. Femin ists agree with the fact that human rights provides rights for all human beings and addresses their needs but they claim that human rights does not include cultural diversity and gender perspectives thus limiting its interests. Various feminists argue that some of the womens rights have been neglected and have proposed that all women rights be included in the human rights protection system considering that the main difference between men and women is the biological otherwise they all have equal rights. Analysis It has been argued that feminists of the second wave especially those in the USA between 1970 and 1985 focused mainly on violence against women because this violence resulted in to a patriarchal system which gave explanations to the biological difference between men and women. According to an article by Martinez (2011), the social and sexual control of women by men in patriarchal societies was linked to the use of violence against women and the second wave feminists contend that domestic violence is associated with the fact that men are more powerful than women , there are biological differences between men and women and that it is men who commit acts of violence against women. Due to the cultural and religious norms that people belief in, many womens rights are violated in family set-ups and this has made human rights activists change their way of thinking in order to make an impact to the society. In reference to the Working Conference on Womens Rights as Human Rights held in Dublin (1997) and the discussions in this essay, it is clear that feminism and human rights have several differing components but they both have a common world view. In the Western society, feminism has become popular because of the social changes it has brought about although this has not passed without critisms. It has been noted that some feminist movements have invaded on the traditional gender roles which has harmonized the society in the sense that women have been silenced and oppressed. At the same time, there has been a massive negative impact on men due to the fact that a number of advocates for mens rights claim that they have been oppressed by the social changes and legal reforms taking place for example, the law favouring mothers in divorce cases involving custody hearings. It is true some of the men go through domestic violence and other oppressions but statistics show that 11% of men had exp erienced domestic violence compared to 32% of women who actually experienced domestic violence four or five (or more) times more (Walby and Allen, 2004). This means that mens experience of violence is much less that that of women. According to (Walby and Allen, 2004) 89% of women represented all those who had experienced incidents of domestic violence 4 or more times. Male dominance has promoted the idea in the society amongst women that they are more superior thus creating a power gap between men and women. Patriarchal society has been identified by the existence of men whose thinking and ideas are influenced by their cultural norms. The patriarchal social structures according to Johnson (1997) Â   are male dominated, male centered, societal and personal attributes are associated with men and they are valued for their ability to put things in control unlike women who have no control over anything. It is evident that these factors have contributed in a big way to domestic violence and other kinds of women oppression and has driven most feminists to fight for equity and demonstrate the importance of women in the society. Evidence has also shown that violence is also a human rights issue with the arguments that the human rights activists protect the rights of all human beings against violence and any sort of abuse. Despite the fact that human rights activists are doing a good job, there has been a big conflict between human rights activists and feminists in addressing violence issues especially those affecting women. In a paper presented by Krishna Mallick (1998) at the World Congress of Philosophy in Boston on the common ground of feminism and cultural Relativism in Human Rights Discourse, feminists have argued that gender and culture must be included in the human rights systems because human rights in itself should incorporate all human beings rights irrespective of gender and culture. According to Mallick (1998), feminists recommend that human rights framework be revised in order to consider the differences like the reproductive and sexual anatomy rights that exist in a woman. It could be argued that both feminists and human rights activists play a major role in ensuring that violence against women is addressed despite the fact that both sides criticize each other. Much of this essay clearly indicates how feminism has effected changes in the society in fighting for women equal rights although men were not left behind in the human rights discussion. I will conclude this essay by indicating that that violence is both a feminist and a human rights issue and that both can work together to effect positive change on to the society. Conclusion Feminism has received a lot of criticism but that this criticism has failed to account for the extent to which it has played a major role in protecting the rights of a common woman. According to Winston (2012) feminism has been a core movement in protecting women from the storm of patriarchy and historically, these feminists have been able to bring to attention issues that affecting women especially accessing education and also getting jobs in areas where men have been in occupancy for a long time. Morgan (1989) states that it is undeniable that history record of most women acting peaceably and most men acting belligerently to a point where the capacity for belligerence is regarded as an ingredient of manhood and the proclivity for conciliation is thought largely a quality of women (1989:27). It is evident that feminists have helped many women to be self determined and to have legal representation on various issues ranging from domestic to international level. This essay has considered the definitions of violence, feminism and patriarchy, discussion of violence against women and has demonstrated that violence is a feminist issue by examining radical feminist arguments around patriarchal violence against women. I have also stated that violence is not only a feminist issue basing on the violent experiences men go through in a human rights perspective. I tend to think that feminism has helped both men and women on gender issues and its principles. Patriarchy has been challenged and violence against women is becoming a thing of the past through the campaigns that are being undertaken by feminists. It would be important to see human rights activists and all feminists work together in fighting gender and violence issues because violence is not only a feminist issue but also a human rights concern.

Woodstock Music Festival :: essays research papers

WoodStock music festival, took place near Woodstock New York, on August 15, 16, and 17, 1969, and became a symbol of the 1960’s American counterculture and a milestone in the were often referred to as hippies and who characteristically rejected hartred and authority, protested against the Vietnam War, supported the civil rights movement, dressed differently, and experimented with sex and illegal use of drugs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Woodstock began by four partners Michael Lang, the manager of a rock band, Artie Kronfeld, an executive at Capitol Records, and two capitalists, John Roberts and Joel Rosenman. Their original plan had been to build a recording studio in Woodstock, a small town in the Catskill Mountains that had become a rock center when musician Bob Dylan and a rock group called the Band settled there. To getout the word the four partners decided to have a concert, which they called WoodStock Music and Art Fair. The festival was expected to attract 50,000 to 100,000 people. After a long search for a large enough space, the partners eventually rented a field from a local dairy farmer, Max Yasgur, who owned land about 48miles from Woodstock, in the town of Bethel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Early in the week before the festival, it became clear that the event as going to draw a much larger audience than expected. By the day before the official opening, traffic jams miles long blocked most roads leading to the area. On Friday, August 15, when the festival began, its management was unable to watch the estimated 400,000 or more people coming into and out of the field and decided to end admission fees. Sweetwater, the band scheduled to open the festival, could not get to the site because of the traffic, so folksinger Richie Havens, who was already there, began the festival instead. As a result of the audience size, volunteers from inside and out helped with any possible problems: Woodstock Music Festival :: essays research papers WoodStock music festival, took place near Woodstock New York, on August 15, 16, and 17, 1969, and became a symbol of the 1960’s American counterculture and a milestone in the were often referred to as hippies and who characteristically rejected hartred and authority, protested against the Vietnam War, supported the civil rights movement, dressed differently, and experimented with sex and illegal use of drugs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Woodstock began by four partners Michael Lang, the manager of a rock band, Artie Kronfeld, an executive at Capitol Records, and two capitalists, John Roberts and Joel Rosenman. Their original plan had been to build a recording studio in Woodstock, a small town in the Catskill Mountains that had become a rock center when musician Bob Dylan and a rock group called the Band settled there. To getout the word the four partners decided to have a concert, which they called WoodStock Music and Art Fair. The festival was expected to attract 50,000 to 100,000 people. After a long search for a large enough space, the partners eventually rented a field from a local dairy farmer, Max Yasgur, who owned land about 48miles from Woodstock, in the town of Bethel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Early in the week before the festival, it became clear that the event as going to draw a much larger audience than expected. By the day before the official opening, traffic jams miles long blocked most roads leading to the area. On Friday, August 15, when the festival began, its management was unable to watch the estimated 400,000 or more people coming into and out of the field and decided to end admission fees. Sweetwater, the band scheduled to open the festival, could not get to the site because of the traffic, so folksinger Richie Havens, who was already there, began the festival instead. As a result of the audience size, volunteers from inside and out helped with any possible problems:

Background check of hiring employee Essay

In nowadays, background check of hiring employee is practicing by almost all agencies. Point is that, the skills of the applicant can be, somehow, figured out. It is much more difficult to assess the level of trust, honesty, mental toughness, and loyalty. Reading through chapter 9, and conducting a slight research, my answers to the questions of the given scenario are as follows: 1.Do temporary agencies have a â€Å"duty† to run background checks? If so, did Robert half â€Å"breach that duty?† Why or Why not? According to the law of negligence, temporary agencies should follow the duty policy on background check on pre-employment, in order not to satisfy an element of negligence. In case of Robert Half International Inc., and Fox Associates, Inc., I don’t think, that duty was breached, the company trusted to provided information by Ms. Ross about herself, and she got good recommendations from her former employers. At some extend, it is a background check. 2.The court ruled against Fox Associates. Was the court correct? Do you think Fox should have done its own background check? Why or Why not? I agree with the court decision, that it was determined that duty is not breached, because it happened unknowingly. Even though the company recommended the employee, Fox could do its own background check as well. 3.The fact pattern mentions that Sunbeam suffered similar damages when it failed to do its own background check on Mr. Dunlap, its former CEO. Who was more at fault, Sunbeam or the Executive search agency? In this case, the fault has an Executive search agency more, than Sunbeam, as it its straight duty to check background before approve for hiring. However, Sunbeam is liable for its losses also, because it should request and check the information about hiring employer. 4.Strategically and legally speaking, why do you think the former employers said nothing about Ms. Ross’ history and gave her good recommendations? There could be some reasons: 1). the former employers might feel sympathetic towards Ms. Ross, and they don’t believe that she has stolen any funds; 2) Ms. Ross, indeed a good specialist in her field; and the last 3) The former employers just didn’t tell the truth. 5.Develop one  unique background check policies for your company on employees hired through a search firm or temp agency. The main idea on background check which I’d like to develop, besides gathering information, confirmation of address, criminal records searches, is that pre-employee will answer some â€Å"simple† questions, which will ask him/her the same, but in different manner, and maybe I would add some psychological tests, which will let me know if that employee was capable to do something unethical in his past work experience.

About KFC Essay

Colonel Harland Sanders, born September 9, 1890, actively began franchising his chicken business at the age of 65. Now, the KFC ® business he started has grown to be one of the largest quick service food service systems in the world. And Colonel Sanders, a quick service restaurant pioneer, has become a symbol of entrepreneurial spirit. More than a billion of the Colonel’s â€Å"finger lickin’ good† chicken dinners are served annually. And not just in North America. The Colonel’s cooking is available in more than 80 countries and territories around the world. When the Colonel was six, his father died. His mother was forced to go to work, and young Harland had to take care of his three-year-old brother and baby sister. This meant doing much of the family cooking. By the age of seven, he was a master of several regional dishes. At age 10, he got his first job working on a nearby farm for $2 a month. When he was 12, his mother remarried and he left his home near Henryville, Ind., for a job on a farm in Greenwood, Ind. He held a series of jobs over the next few years, first as a 15-year-old streetcar conductor in New Albany, Ind., and then as a 16-year-old private, soldiering for six months in Cuba. After that he was a railroad fireman, studied law by correspondence, practiced in justice of the peace courts, sold insurance, operated an Ohio River steamboat ferry, sold tires, and operated service stations. When he was 40, the Colonel began cooking for hungry travelers who stopped at his service station in Corbin, Ky. He didn’t have a restaurant then, but served folks on his own dining table in the living quarters of his service station. As more people started coming just for food, he moved across the street to a motel and restaurant that seated 142 people. Over the next nine years, he perfected his secret blend of 11 herbs and spices and the basic cooking technique that is still used today. Sander’s fame grew. Governor Ruby Laffoon made him a Kentucky Colonel in 1935 in recognition of his contributions to the state’s cuisine. And in 1939, his establishment was first listed in Duncan Hines’ â€Å"Adventures in Good Eating.† In the early 1950s a new interstate highway was planned to bypass the town of Corbin. Seeing an end to his business, the Colonel auctioned off his operations. After paying his bills, he was reduced to living on his $105 Social Security checks. Confident of the quality of his fried chicken, the Colonel devoted himself to the chicken franchising business that he started in 1952. He traveled across the country by car from restaurant to restaurant, cooking batches of chicken for restaurant owners and their employees. If the reaction was favorable, he entered into a handshake agreement on a deal that stipulated a payment to him of a nickel for each chicken the restaurant sold. By 1964, Colonel Sanders had more than 600 franchised outlets for his chicken in the United States and Canada. That year, he sold his interest in the U.S. company for $2 million to a group of investors including John Y. Brown Jr., who later was governor of Kentucky from 1980 to 1984. The Colonel remained a public spokesman for the company. In 1976, an independent survey ranked the Colonel as the world’s second most recognizable celebrity. Under the new owners, Kentucky Fried Chicken Corporation grew rapidly. It went public on March 17, 1966, and was listed on the New York Stock Exchange on January 16, 1969. More than 3,500 franchised and company-owned restaurants were in worldwide operation when Heublein Inc. acquired KFC Corporation on July 8, 1971, for $285 million. Kentucky Fried Chicken became a subsidiary of R.J. Reynolds Industries, Inc. (now RJR Nabisco, Inc.), when Heublein Inc. was acquired by Reynolds in 1982. KFC was acquired in October 1986 from RJR Nabisco, Inc. by PepsiCo, Inc., for approximately $840 million. In January 1997, PepsiCo, Inc. announced the spin-off of its quick service restaurants — KFC, Taco Bell and Pizza Hut — into an independent  restaurant company, Tricon Global Restaurants, Inc. In May 2002, the company announced it received shareholders’ approval to change it’s corporation name to Yum! Brands, Inc. The company, which owns A&W All-American Food Restaurants, KFC, Long John Silvers, Pizza Hut and Taco Bell restaurants, is the world’s largest restaurant company in terms of system units with nearly 32,500 in more than 100 countries and territories. Until he was fatally stricken with leukemia in 1980 at the age of 90, the Colonel traveled 250,000 miles a year visiting the KFC restaurants around the world. And it all began with a 65-year-old gentleman who used his $105 Social Security check to start a business. KFC KFC operates in 74 countries and territories throughout the world under the name â€Å"Kentucky Fried Chicken† and/or â€Å"KFC.† It was founded in Corbin, Kentucky by Colonel Harland D. Sanders, an early developer of the quick service food business and a pioneer of the restaurant franchise concept. The Colonel perfected his secret blend of 11 herbs and spices for Kentucky Fried Chicken in 1939 and signed up his first franchisee in 1952. By the time KFC was acquired by PepsiCo in 1986, it had grown to approximately 6,600 units in 55 countries and territories. KFC restaurants offer fried chicken products and some also offer non-fried chicken-on-the-bone products, with the principal entree items sold in pieces under the names Original Recipe, Extra Tasty Crispy and Tender Roast. Other principal entree items include Chunky Chicken Pot Pies, Colonel’s Crispy Strips, and various chicken sandwiches. KFC restaurants also offer a variety of side items, such as biscuits, mashed potatoes and gravy, cole slaw and corn, as well as desserts and non-alcoholic beverages. Their decor is characterized by the image of the Colonel and distinctive packaging includes the â€Å"Bucket† of chicken. In 1996, KFC’s worldwide system sales of over $8 billion grew faster than the industry average even though the number of restaurants in its global system did not materially increase. This growth was largely due to the impact of new products as shown by the fact that same store sales in Company-operated stores in the U.S. increased 6%. In 1995, same store sales for Company-operated stores in the U.S. were also strong, increasing 7%. For the first half of 1997, KFC same store sales growth for Company-operated units in the U.S. was consistently positive resulting in a 4% growth rate for the 24 week period. Average U.S. system-wide sales per traditional unit in 1996 were $775,000. YUM BRANDS The Yum! Brands, Inc. organization is currently made up of six subsidiaries organized around its five core concepts, KFC, Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, A&W All-American Food Restaurants and Long John Silvers. Yum! Brands and KFC is based in Louisville, Kentucky; Pizza Hut and Yum! Restaurants International are headquartered in Dallas, Texas; Taco Bell is based in Irvine, California; and A & W All-American Food Restaurants and Long John Silvers are based in Lexington, Kentucky. Each of Yum! Brands’ concepts are engaged in the operation, development, franchising and licensing of a system of both traditional and non-traditional QSR units. Non-traditional units include express units and kiosks which have a more limited menu and operate in non-traditional locations like airports, gas and convenience stores, stadiums, amusement parks and colleges, where a full-scale traditional outlet would not be practical or efficient. In addition, there are approximately 367 units housing more than one concept (â€Å"2n1s†). Of these, approximately 354 units offer both the full KFC menu and a limited menu of Taco Bell products, and approximately 13 units offer both the full KFC menu and a limited menu of Pizza Hut products. In each concept, consumers can either dine in or carry out food. In addition, Taco Bell and KFC offer a drive-through option in many stores. Pizza Hut and, on a much more limited basis, KFC offer delivery service. Each concept has proprietary menu items and emphasizes the preparation of food with high quality ingredients as well as unique recipes and special seasonings to provide appealing, tasty and attractive food at competitive prices. VISION Our passion, as a restaurant company, is to put a YUM on people’s faces around the world, satisfying customers every time they eat our food and doing it better than any other restaurant company. A&W, KFC, Long John Silver’s, Pizza Hut, and Taco Bell offer customers food they crave, comeback value, and customer-focused teams. The unique eating experience at each of our restaurants make our customers smile and inspire their loyalty for life. Toward that end, our 750,000 associates around the world are trained to be customer maniacs. With sales now in excess of $1 billion in Australia, we have proof positive of the power of Customer Mania. But what’s at its core? Three things, really:  · Operational excellence  · Great marketing and advertising  · Real â€Å"sit up and take notice† customer service When we took the concept of Mania to our Restaurant Team Members – the talented people who deal with our customers day in, day out, every day – they embraced it with passion. They took the program and ran with it, becoming powerful catalysts for change throughout our entire organization! Why? Simple – Customer Mania unlocked their enthusiasm and creativity, empowering them to do whatever it takes to satisfy guests. Listening to the Voice of the Customer Customer Mania is a great concept, but how would we give it meat? By listening to the Voice of the Customer! One initiative we undertook in Australia was to invite RGMs to customer research sessions, where they could closely observe customers talking about their experiences in our restaurants. Their stories – good and bad – were telling. Customers complained about speed and communication in the KFC drive-thrus, and the lack of ready access to a manager in the restaurant. As a direct result of these focus groups, our Customer Mania team developed two important initiatives: Improving our drive-thru facilities and service to make them more customer-friendly, and revamping our problem resolution process.  · Drive-thru: We embarked on building large glass boxes at the entry to drive-thrus, with menus and an attendant replacing the speaker. These changes will make the drive-thru experience much more personal and more responsive.  · Problem resolution process: We took our best frontline workers, put them through additional LAST training, and empowered them to resolve customer complaints on the spot. As a result, customer complaints made to the home office have been reduced dramatically – down over 50%! It’s all about Leadership No doubt we’ve got a long way to go. But it’s clear to me that the five leadership principles we’ve established for Customer Mania are working, and are worth sharing:  · Lead from the top  · Stay the course, create a â€Å"five-year journey† mindset  · Be consistent  · Recognize, recognize, recognize  · Define what success looks like  · Good luck, and Yum to you!

In the park Essays

In the park Essays In the park Paper In the park Paper Gwen Harwoods In the park is a poem about a lonely woman sitting in a park with her children, while a man she once loved passes by. The poem is set in Petrarchan sonnet form, with the first eight lines showing us the womans trouble and problem. However in the last six lines we see that the woman and this man will never re ignite, the last lines offer the solution to the problem. The title in this poem is very plain and almost reflects the woman and her life. Harwood begins the poem with an image of a poor woman with out of date clothes; this is a powerful impression on the reader as it immediately states that she is probably poor. The womans children whine and bicker which shows us that she may have lost interest in her children and is not giving them enough attention as they tug her skirt. Another child is very bored with herself that is shown through drawing aimless patterns in the dirt, this notion of boredom reflects directly on the life on the disheartened woman. The last line is very important, it shows us that that the woman has no self-confidence and no will to change things either. The line also shows the reader that she once had a real relationship with a man. The enjambment over the first to second stanza creates a wonderful effect as the reader sees it as too late to do anything but if one was to read on they would realise the actual meaning of the sentence as too late to feign indifference to that casual nod. In the second stanza, the womans self esteem really shows as she suggest her thoughts and self pity as she imagines a speech bubble rising from the mans head almost to say thank god I did not end up like her. The speech bubble is an important part of this poem as it suggests the womans imagination of what could have been. The cartoon-like bubble can be interpreted by the reader in one of two ways, either it is the woman thinking about what the man is thinking or it is the actual reader seeing that from the narrator, this effect brings depth into the poem which in turn makes it more effective. This image of self-pity relates to the plainness in her life and the way she takes no interest in her children, the woman has almost become reckless and careless with her life and her childrens. This slight conversation between man and woman hints at the reader that there could be a budding relationship, Harwood seems to be presenting us with the typical Petrarchan Sonnet problem by offering that these two could be a couple. In the last stanza, the man and the woman converse about the children and how they have grown, but this conversation seems to be only the polite chatter and not a heart felt one. This stanza gives us the answer to the problem presented about these two possible lovers. As the man begins to walk away, the woman is still speaking; this is a great symbolisation of what has been happening to the woman her whole life. It is as if the woman has never finished anything off and suggests that she usually is trying to bring things together and putting the last word in. After the man has left her presence, the woman is nursing the youngest child and shows the reader the real reason for most of her woes. She speaks to the wind, which again reflects her state of mind and refers to her children, they have eaten me alive. This last line of the poem is a powerful image of blame, not on her but on others. Harwoods in the park portrays a woman whose life is in a downward spiral and becoming lifeless. The woman in the poem who is suggestively not named has been in love but is now out of it. The poem shows the reader how the womans continuous negative output seems to upset all people around her.

Nature of Morals Essay Example

Nature of Morals Essay Example Nature of Morals Essay Nature of Morals Essay Essay Topic: Toulmin Metaethics negotiations about the nature of moralss and moral logical thinking. Discussions about whether moralss is comparative and whether we ever act from opportunism are illustrations of meta-ethical treatments. In fact. pulling the conceptual differentiation between Metaethics. Normative Ethics. and Applied Ethics is itself a metaethical analysis. Normative moralss is interested in finding the content of our moral behaviour. Normative ethical theories seek to supply action-guides ; processs for replying the Practical Question ( What ought I to make? ) . The moral theories of Kant and Bentham are illustrations of normative theories that seek to supply guidelines for finding a specific class of moral action. Think of the Categorical Imperative in the instance of the former and the Principle of Utility in the instance of the latter. Applied Ethics efforts to cover with specific kingdoms of human action and to craft standards for discoursing issues that might originate within those kingdoms. The modern-day field of Applied Ethics arouse in the late sixtiess and early 1970s. Today. it is a booming portion of the field of moralss. Numerous books and web-sites are devoted to subjects such as Business Ethics. Computer Ethics. and Engineering Ethical motives. Ethical Relativism Distinctions within Relativism There is a differentiation between morals and mores . The latter can be defined as harmless customs ( e. g. . tea at 4 ) ; the former as treatment of others ( e. g. . the pattern of Apartheid ) . In discoursing Relativism. we are concerned merely with moral patterns. The Problem of Relativism: What one society considers Right. another Society considers Wrong. Therefore. RIGHT AND WRONG are RELATIVE to a PARTICULAR SOCIETY. Here we need to be cognizant of two things: ( 1 ) Confusing harmless conventions ( The British thrust on the left side of the route ) with harmful practices ( Clitorectomy is customary among the Somali ) . ( 2 ) Even if moralities may differ from society to society. it need non follow that Morality Itself is comparative - for there is a farther differentiation between CULTURAL ( descriptive ) RELATIVISM and NORMATIVE ( Ethical ) RELATIVISM. Cultural ( descriptive ) Relativism: The descriptive relativist merely notes certain sociological Fact: ( a ) Factual Claims: x is considered right in Society Y at clip t and x is considered incorrect in Society omega at clip t. ( B ) Empirical Decision: Moralities are comparative [ Note that the claims of Cultural Relativism are either true or false. ] Normative ( ethical ) Relativism The normative relativist goes BEYOND any sociological facts. ( a ) Normative Claim: What is considered right in Society x at clip T IS right for that Society. ( B ) Theoretical ( metaethical ) Claim: Morality Itself is Relative. Note that ethical relativism does non logically follow from any truths uncovered by descriptive relativism. Note besides that the ethical relativist has a difficult clip explicating how extremist moral alteration can happen within a certain society ( as with bondage or women’s right to vote in the United States ) . Ethical Egoism Psychological and Ethical Egoism. As a metaethical theory of motive. psychological egoism asserts the descriptive claim that all of our actions can be reduced to opportunism: Whenever people do something. it is merely because they think something desirable for themselves will ensue from it. The claim is descriptive and therefore open to counterexamples. and it is wide. saying a reductionistic thesis sing all of our actions. ( Contrast psychological egoism with the psychological province of understanding. where the wale and suffering of the other becomes the motivation for our action’. ) Ethical egoism is a normative theory that states that our actions ought to be done from the position of opportunism. One of the jobs with this place is that it might non be in one’s opportunism to hold eveyone act from the position of opportunism. This state of nature’ would non be desirable ( in Hobbes’ footings. life would be beastly. brutal. and short ) and so it might finally be in one’s self-interest to come in into a contract with others that would put restraints upon self-interested actions. Utilitarian Theories Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is a normative ethical theory that places the venue of right and incorrect entirely on the results ( effects ) of taking one action/policy over other actions/policies. As such. it moves beyond the range of one’s ain involvements and takes into history the involvements of others. Bentham’s Utility Principle: ( 1 ) Recognizes the cardinal function of hurting and pleasance in human life. ( 2 ) approves or disapproves of an action on the footing of the sum of hurting or pleasance brought about i. e. effects. ( 3 ) equates good with pleasance and immorality with hurting. and ( 4 ) asserts that pleasance and hurting are capable of quantification ( and therefore measure’ ) . In mensurating pleasance and hurting. Bentham introduces the undermentioned standards: INTENSITY. DURATION. CERTAINTY ( or UNCERTAINTY ) . and its NEARNESS ( or FARNESS ) . He besides includes its fecundity ( will more of the same follow? ) and its purity ( its pleasance won’t be followed by hurting A ; frailty versa ) . In sing actions that affect Numberss of people. we must besides account for its EXTENT. John Stuart Mill adjusted the more hedonic inclinations in Bentham’s doctrine by stressing ( 1 ) It is non the measure of pleasance. but the quality of felicity that is cardinal to utilitarianism. ( 2 ) the concretion is unreasonable - qualities can non be quantified ( there is a differentiation between higher’ and lower’ pleasances ) . and ( 3 ) utilitarianism refers to the Greatest Happiness Principle - it seeks to advance the capableness of accomplishing felicity ( higher pleasances ) for the most sum of people ( this is its extent ) . Act and Rule Utilitarianism. We can use the rule of public-service corporation to either PARTICULAR ACTIONS or GENERAL RULES. The former is called act-utilitarianism and the latter is called rule-utilitarianism. Act-utilitarianism - The rule of public-service corporation is applied straight to each alternate act in a state of affairs of pick. The right act is so defined as the one which brings about the best consequences ( or the least sum of bad consequences ) . * Criticisms of this position point to the trouble of achieving a full cognition and surely of the effects of our actions. * It is possible to warrant immoral Acts of the Apostless utilizing AU: Suppose you could stop a regional war by tormenting kids whose male parents are enemy soliders. therefore uncovering the fell outs of the male parents. Rule-utilitarianism - The rule of public-service corporation is used to find the cogency of regulations of behavior ( moral rules ) . A regulation like promise-keeping is established by looking at the effects of a universe in which people broke promises at will and a universe in which promises were adhering. Right and incorrect are so defined as following or interrupting those regulations. * Some unfavorable judgments of this place point out that if the Rules take into history more and more exclusions. RU collapses into AU. * More genearl unfavorable judgments of this position argue that it is possible to bring forth unjust rules harmonizing to the rule of public-service corporation. For illustration. bondage in Greece might be right if it led to an overall accomplishment of cultivated felicity at the disbursal of some abused persons. Deontological Theories Acting from Duty Deontological normative ethical theories place the venue of right and incorrect in independent attachment to moral Torahs or responsibilities. Monistic deontology - Kant’s Categorical Imperative ( Act merely on that axiom whereby 1000 canst at the same clip will that it should go a cosmopolitan law ) provides the beginning of right action. Its first preparation provinces Act as if the axiom of your action were to procure through your will a cosmopolitan jurisprudence of nature ; its 2nd preparation provinces Always act so as to handle humanity. whether in your ain individual or that of another. as an terminal in itself. neer as a means merely. Actions that conform to these jussive moods ( i. e. . right actions ) and are. moreover. done from a sense of responsibility. are the prototype of morally applaudable actions. Critics of Kant’s attack claim that his Categorical Imperative does non incorporate within it a manner to decide struggles of responsibilities. Lying is wrong can be interpreted as Never lie and therefore Universal Principles can harden’ into Absolute Principles. Pluralistic deontology - For the twentieth Century philosopher W. D. Ross. there are a figure of responsibilities that contemplation reveals - and these organize a group of leading facie duties. The phrase prima facie ( all things being equal’ ) refers to the fact that these responsibilities do non adhere us perfectly. but instead that they by and large hold - absent any farther considerations. Two cardinal responsibilities are nonmaleficence ( don’t injury others ) and beneficence ( assist others ) . Other leading facie responsibilities include don’t prevarication. ’ don’t putting to death. ’ keep promises. ’ etc. When conflicts occur between responsibilities. our existent responsibility becomes that which intuitive judgment discerns as the right thing to make ( e. g. . lying to salvage the life of an guiltless individual ) . Critics are cautious about mentioning to intuition’ as the standard for finding our existent class of action. Stephen Toulmin suggested that we weigh up. every bit good as we can. the hazards involved in disregarding either. and take the lesser of two evils’ . Thus. while the rules may be deontic in nature. a declaration of struggles of rules could appeal to likely effects. Virtue Ethics Historical Perspective There is a long tradition in moralss that places great importance on the kind of individual one is. We non merely want those around us to tell the truth ( for illustration. harmonizing to the Categorical Imperative ) . but besides to be honest. Both Aristotle ( arete ) and Aquinas ( vertu ) emphasized this facet of moralss by foregrounding the function of what we would today name character in their treatments of moralss ( and the authoritative virtuousnesss of bravery. justness. and moderateness ) . David Hume besides gave virtuousness and personal virtue a cardinal function in his ethical theory. The recent resurgence of involvement in virtuousness moralss can be traced back to Philippa Foot. She writes that a person’s virtue may be judged by his innermost desires every bit good as by his purposes ; and this fits with our thought that a virtuousness such as generousness lies every bit much in someone’s attitudes as in his actions . The Moral Concept of Virtue We should separate the virtuousnesss found in a peculiar society or civilization ( e. g. . celibacy ) from those virtuousnesss that can be supported by moral logical thinking ( e. g. . honestness ) . A virtuousness is a trait of character that is socially valued. and a moral virtuousness is a trait that is morally valued†¦Moral grounds must back up a claim†¦of moral virtue . By stressing the precedence of character in treatments of moralss. virtuousness theoreticians can state: †¦rather than utilizing regulations and authorities ordinances to protect topics in research. some claim that the most dependable protection is the presence of an informed. painstaking. compassionate. responsible researcher’ . The implicit in position here is that character is more of import than conformance to regulations and that virtuousnesss should be inculcated and cultivated over clip through educational interactions. function theoretical accounts. etc. A practical effect of this position is that the instruction of. for illustration medical physicians. should include the cultivation of virtuousnesss such as compassion. understanding. trustiness. unity. conscientiousness every bit good as benevolence ( desire to assist ) and nonmalevolence ( desire to avoid injury ) . Critical Evaluation of Virtue Ethics Often times we encounter morality between strangers ( as when one enters an Emergency Room after a auto accident ) . At these times. it’s non the person’s character. but his/her demand to follow regulations and processs that seem to come to the head ( Virtue is non enough ) . Furthermore. individuals of good character’ can surely explicate bad policy’ or do a poor choice’ - and we need to measure those policies and picks harmonizing to moral rules. Constructive Evaluation of Virtue Ethics Yet †¦ethical theory is more complete if the virtuousnesss are included†¦motives merit to be at halfway phase in a manner that some taking traditional theories have inadequately appreciated †¦ To expression at Acts of the Apostless without besides looking at the moral rightness and desirableness of feelings. attitudes. signifiers of understanding. and the similar is to lose a big country of the moral picture ( B A ; C. 4th Ed. . 69 ) Broad Rights and Communitarian Theories Today we frequently find moral jobs framed by positions derived from political doctrine. Issues like mercy killing. root cell research and abortion every bit good as distributive justness concerns such as societal security and Medicare. are likely to be seen along the liberal/conservative divide. Traditional moral theories need to take these models into consideration. Will Kymlicka’s Introduction to Political Philosophy provides analyses of the philosophical thoughts behind the ideological debates that now envelop many subjects in moral doctrine. Of peculiar value is his treatment of broad equality. libertarianism. and communitarianism. Broad equality is frequently associated with the work on John Rawls in his Theory of Justice. It argues that we should rationally confirm two cardinal rules of justness designed to protect our political autonomies and societal chances. It can be straight contrasted with the libertarian thoughts found in Robert Nozick’s Anarchy. State. and Utopia. Nozick challenges Rawls’s attack to societal inequalities and argues for a minimalist province. But both writers ( and their followings ) conceive of persons as Socratic’ in nature. capable of concluding about their life program and oppugning. in rule. the universe around them. In this sense. they are both liberals’ in the tradition of John Stuart Mill’s essay. On Liberty. For progressives. the inquiry about the good life requires us to do a judgement about what kind of a individual we wish to be . Thus progressives will stress the function of pick and freedom from authorities intervention in private affairs. For communitarians. on the other manus. persons are non atomistic. unencumbered selves’ - persons are situated within a community. embedded in the standard wisdom of our human civilization. Communal values are authoritative horizons’ wherein we take our orientation toward life. The self is non anterior to. but instead constituted by. its terminals - we can non separate me’ from my ends’ [ and ] our egos are at least partially constituted by terminals that we do non take. but instead discover by virtuousness of our being embedded in some shared societal context . Since self-government does non happen in a vacuity. the authorities needs to back up a societal environment that is contributing to the development of what is best in all of us. For those communitarians who are social conservativists. ’ this will frequently take the signifier of a publicity family values’ that can. for illustration. discourage alterations in the establishment of matrimony. Broadly talking. these two places account for the divide between liberals’ and social conservatives’ in covering with affairs such as abortion and mercy killing. In these state of affairss. progressives tend to go pro-choice’ and societal conservativists tend to go pro-life. ***** As is to be expected in a modern. pluralistic democracy. many of these issues are addressed in the political kingdom and through the political procedure ( including the tribunals ) . But the sorts of cases’ that arise within these countries should besides be addressed within the model of applied moralss as a manner to acquire clearer about the nature of the job and its potency for declaration. Indeed. we frequently see analyses found in applied moralss. such as the construct of a person in the morally important sense’ or the differentiation between killing’ and allowing to decease. ’ embedded in the political argument itself. Ethical motives of Care In the 1970s and 80s feminist authors began to oppugn the premises behind many of the traditional ethical theories. Carol Gilligan’s work in moral psychological science challenged justice-based attacks to moral treatment: †¦ work forces tend to encompass an moral principle of rights utilizing quasi-legal nomenclature and impartial rules †¦ adult females tend to confirm an moral principle of attention that centers on reactivity in an interrelated web of demands. attention. and bar of injury. Taking attention of others is the nucleus impression. Annette Baier’s philosophical history of an moralss of attention does non urge that we discard classs of duty. but that we make room for an moral principle of love and trust. including an history of human bonding and friendly relationship. In both of these histories. there is a specific unfavorable judgment of Traditional Liberal Theory and its accent on nonpartisanship and catholicity: The nonpartisanship and the standpoint of degage fairness’ advocated by broad theories of justness. overlook. for illustration. the moral function of fond regard to those close to us. Talking from the position of medical moralss. The attention position is particularly meaningful for functions such as parent. friend. doctor. and nurse. in which contextual response. heed to subtle hints. and the deepening of particular relationships are likely to be more momentous morally than impartial treatment In jointing the challenge to universal rules. Beauchamp and Childress write: We can bring forth unsmooth generalisations about how caring doctors and nurses respond to patients. for illustration. but these generalisations will non be elusive plenty to give helpful counsel for the following patient. Each state of affairs calls for a set of responses outside any generalization†¦ . Advocates of an Ethical motives of Care stress the functions of Mutual Interdependence and Emotional Response that play an of import portion in our moral lives: †¦many human relationships involve individuals who are vulnerable. dependant. ill. and frail †¦ [ and ] the desirable moral response is affiliated heed to demands. non degage regard for rights ( B A ; C. 373 ) and The individual who acts from lawful duties without suitably aligned feelings such as concern when a friend suffers seems to hold a moral lack. In addition†¦insight into the demands of others and considerate watchfulness to their fortunes frequently come from the emotions more than ground. Therefore the emotions seem to hold a cognitive function. ’ leting us to hold on a state of affairs that may non be instantly available to one reasoning entirely from a justice position. ’ Critical Evaluation of the Care Ethic The illustration of a nurse who personally wants to assist a patient dice. but who will non make so as it violates professional responsibility. shows that †¦the moralss of attention must face state of affairss in which bona fide demands of nonpartisanship struggle with moving partly from attention. Some womens rightists really interpret the care ethic’ as culturally determined by the male hierarchy. For illustration. a terminally sick expansive female parent may bespeak to be allowed to decease because she doesn’t want to be a bother’ to her household. Here person like Susan Sherwin sees a demand to analyze the societal context of attention every bit good as to set up bounds to the moralss of attention. Both endeavors would affect entreaties to justice†¦ Constructive Evaluation of the Care Ethic Sensitivity and emotional response to peculiar state of affairss ( like household treatments with doctors ) provide of import ushers to morally acceptable actions. A attention moral principle besides seems to prefer following processs from Conflict Resolution and Dispute Mediation as alternate ways to near an evident ethical struggle. Hedonism The term hedonism. from the Grecian word ( hedone ) for pleasance. refers to several related theories about what is good for us. how we should act. and what motivates us to act in the manner that we do. All hedonic theories identify pleasance and hurting as the lone of import elements of whatever phenomena they are designed to depict. If hedonic theories identified pleasance and hurting as simply two of import elements. alternatively of the lone of import elements of what they are depicting. so they would name it Hedonism uld non be about every bit unpopular as they all are. However. the claim that pleasance and hurting are the lone things of ultimate importance is what makes hedonism typical and philosophically interesting. Philosophic pagans tend to concentrate on hedonic theories of value. and particularly of wellbeing ( the good life for the one life it ) . As a theory of value. hedonism states that all and lone pleasance is per se valuable and all and merely hurting is per se non valuable. Hedonists normally define pleasance and hurting loosely. such that both physical and mental phenomena are included. Thus. a soft massage and remembering a fond memory are both considered to do pleasance and stubbing a toe and hearing about the decease of a loved one are both considered to do hurting. With pleasance and hurting so defined. hedonism as a theory about what is valuable for us is intuitively appealing. Indeed. its entreaty is evidenced by the fact that about all historical and modern-day interventions of well-being allocate at least some infinite for treatment of hedonism. Unfortunately for hedonism. the treatments seldom endorse it and some even deplore its focal point on pleasance. This article begins by clear uping the different types of hedonic theories and the labels they are frequently given. Then. hedonism’s ancient beginnings and its subsequent development are reviewed. The bulk of this article is concerned with depicting the of import theoretical divisions within Prudential Hedonism and discoursing the major unfavorable judgments of these attacks. The Origins of Hedonism. a. Aristippus and the Cyrenaics The Cyrenaics. founded by Artistippus were besides skeptics and Hedonic Egotists. Although the dearth of original texts makes it hard to confidently province all of the justifications for the Cyrenaics’ places. their overall stance is clear plenty. The Cyrenaics believed pleasance was the ultimate good and everyone should prosecute all immediate pleasances for themselves. They considered bodily pleasures better than mental pleasances. presumptively because they were more graphic or trusty. The Cyrenaics besides recommended prosecuting immediate pleasances and avoiding immediate strivings with light or no respect for future effects. Their logical thinking for this is even less clear. but is most credibly linked to their doubting positions – possibly that what we can be most certain of in this unsure being is our current bodily pleasances. B. Epicurus Epicurus laminitis of Epicureanism. developed a Normative Hedonism in blunt contrast to that of Aristippus. The Epicureanism of Epicurus is besides rather the antonym to the common use of Epicureanism ; while we might wish to travel on a epicurean Epicurean vacation packed with all right dining and reasonably inordinate wining. Epicurus would warn us that we are merely puting ourselves up for future hurting. For Epicurus. felicity was the complete absence of bodily and particularly mental strivings. including fright of the Gods and desires for anything other than the au naturel necessities of life. Even with merely the limited surpluss of ancient Greece on offer. Epicurus advised his followings to avoid towns. and particularly market places. in order to restrict the resulting desires for unneeded things. Once we experience unneeded pleasances. such as those from sex and rich nutrient. we will so endure from painful and difficult to fulfill desires for more and better of the same. No affair how affluent we might be. Epicurus would reason. our desires will finally surpass our agencies and interfere with our ability to populate tranquil. happy lives. Epicureanism is by and large egocentric. in that it encourages everyone to prosecute felicity for themselves. However. Epicureans would be improbable to perpetrate any of the selfish Acts of the Apostless we might anticipate from other egotists because Epicureans train themselves to want merely the really rudimentss. which gives them really small ground to make anything to interfere with the personal businesss of others. c. The Oyster Example With the exclusion of a brief period discussed below. Hedonism has been by and large unpopular of all time since its ancient beginnings. Although unfavorable judgments of the ancient signifiers of hedonism were many and varied. one in specific was to a great extent cited. In Philebus. Plato’s Socrates and one of his many foils. Protarchus in this case. are discoursing the function of pleasance in the good life. Socrates asks Protarchus to conceive of a life without much pleasance but full of the higher cognitive procedures. such as cognition. premeditation and consciousness and to compare it with a life that is the antonym. Socrates describes this opposite life as holding perfect pleasance but the mental life of an oyster. indicating out that the topic of such a life would non be able to appreciate any of the pleasance within it. The disking idea of populating the enjoyable but unreflective life of an oyster causes Protarchus to abandon his hedonic statement. The oyster illustration is now easy avoided by clear uping that pleasance is best understood as being a witting experience. so any esthesis that we are non consciously cognizant of can non be pleasance.

Responding to a Racist Joke

Responding to a Racist Joke Comedians from Chris Rock to Margaret Cho to Jeff Foxworthy have carved out niches by making jokes about people who share their cultural heritage, but just because they play up cultural differences in their stand-up routines doesnt mean the average Joe should follow suit with racist jokes. Unfortunately, people try their hand at racial humor all the time and fail. Unlike the aforementioned comics, these people arent making humorous statements about race and culture. Instead, theyre dredging up racist stereotypes in the name of comedy. So how do you respond if a friend, family member, or colleague makes a racist joke? The goal is to make your point and exit the encounter with your integrity intact. Dont Laugh Say youre at a meeting and your boss makes a crack about an ethnic group being bad drivers. Your boss doesnt know it, but your husband is a member of that ethnic group. You sit in the room simmering with indignation. Youd like to let your boss have it, but you need your job and cant risk alienating him. The best response is to do and say nothing. Dont laugh. Dont tell off your boss. Your silence will let your supervisor know that you dont find his racially-tinged humor funny. If your boss doesnt take the hint and makes another racist joke later, give him the silent treatment again.   The next time he makes a non-racist joke, however, be sure to laugh heartily. Positive reinforcement might teach him the kinds of jokes appropriate to tell. Leave Before the Punch Line Sometimes you can sense a racist joke coming. Perhaps you and your in-laws are watching television. The news features a segment about an ethnic minority. I dont get those people, your father-in-law says. Hey, did you hear the one about the†¦ That is your cue to leave the room. This is arguably the most nonconfrontational move you can make. Youre refusing to be a party to racism, but why take the passive approach? Perhaps youre certain that your father-in-law is prejudiced against certain groups and has no intention of changing, so youd rather not fight with him over the issue. Or perhaps your relationship with your in-law is already tense, and youve decided that this battle is not one worth fighting. Question the Joke-Teller Youre lunching with an old friend when she launches into a joke about a priest, a rabbi, and a black guy entering a bar. You listen to the joke but dont laugh because it played on racial stereotypes, and you dont find such generalizations funny. You care for your friend dearly, though. Rather than make her feel judged, you want her to see why her joke was offensive. Consider this a teachable moment. Do you really think that all black guys are like that? you might ask. Well, a lot of them are, she answers. Really? you say. Actually, thats a stereotype. I read a study that said black guys arent any more likely to do that than others. Remain calm and clear-headed. Keep questioning your friend and offering facts until she sees that the generalization in the joke isnt valid. At the end of the conversation, she might rethink telling that joke again. Turn the Tables Your run into your neighbor at the supermarket. She spots a woman from a certain ethnic group with several children. Your neighbor jokes about how birth control is a dirty word for those people. You dont laugh. Instead, you repeat a stereotypical joke youve heard about your neighbors ethnic group. As soon as you finish, explain that you dont buy into the stereotype; you wanted her to understand what it feels like to be the butt of a racist joke. This is a risky move. The goal is to give the joke-teller a crash course in empathy, but you might end up alienating her if she doubts that your motive was to show her stereotypes hurt. Moreover, this isnt the nicest way to make your point. Try this only with thicker-skinned people you believe will respond well to having the tables turned. For others, youll likely need to be more direct. Confrontation If you have nothing to lose from a direct confrontation, go for it. The next time an acquaintance tells a racist joke, say that you dont find such jokes funny and request that he not repeat them around you. Expect the joke-teller to tell you to lighten up or accuse you of being too PC. Explain to your acquaintance that you think such jokes are beneath him. Break down why the stereotypes used in the joke arent true. Remind him that prejudice hurts. Tell him that a mutual friend who belongs to the group being stereotyped wouldnt appreciate the joke. If the joke-teller still doesnt see why this type of humor isnt appropriate, agree to disagree but make it clear that you wont listen to such jokes in the future. Create a boundary.

Economics of Gender, Race And Globalization Essay

Economics of Gender, Race And Globalization - Essay Example nder, race, and globalization The roles of both the genders have changed considerably with the time and that can be explained with the help of the following facts. The working women of the United States of America earned about 29% for every dollar that the men earned during the period of 1815 and increased to 76% per dollar by the year 2004. Besides the change in the economic behavior, the social aspects of the lives of both male and female have changed. According to a study made on the US economy a thirty years old man of the present century is four times more likely to be divorced than an individual of the same age in 1950 and the chance of the individual being not yet married is twice more than that of the earlier period. Discrimination between the two genders occurs because of their difference in their biological existence, difference in their psychology, in their culture and also in their abilities. There are policies that affect the two ends of the gender differently. The ways in which we could discriminate the two genders are uncountable in practical sense. Difference in the gender of individuals and the difference in their sex are different as the cultural influences make the two different from each other. However, majority of the differences between men and women that are not biological are incorporated by the society itself. Since childhood, a girl is presented with baby dolls so as to make them grow up with the feeling that motherhood is one of the ultimate goals they need to achieve in their lives. Thus, the gender issue gained importance from period of indefinite past and the economics of gender mainly deals with the change in the economic behavior of men and women with the changing economic environment and the social nature of living. (Jacobsen, 1-7) The... This report stresses that the immediate effect of racism is the increase in poverty level of the country. Thus, the world is a place where if individuals are born with the colors of their skin other than white are likely to be grown up to be poor. Economic globalization through increasing and staggering debt of the poor nations has perpetuated the colonization of the racialized world. This essay makes a conclusion that the most adverse effect of both gender and race is the increase in the poverty level of the society. A nation with more gender and racial discrimination experience more of their population living in poverty. The combined discrimination of gender and racism reveals that racialized women bear the incidence of poverty almost double than that of non-racialized women. The rate of white women living in poverty is only 18% as compared to 37% chance of living in poverty of women with color. The public sectors that are mostly ill maintained in the country are the places of dependence and association of the women of the society and the minority classes. Until date, no dominant international organization has come forward to protect the interest of the racial communities and that of the Women of the society. Globalization brought the people of the world together as consumers of international market but they are separated as people of different race and gender.

Consumer Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Consumer Behavior - Essay Example From the discussion it is clear that once the target market has been identified, the next step is to devise an appropriate strategy. Through, Operant conditioning which draws out the link between the behavior and consequence, individuals can be made aware that their behavior of divorce can result in severe consequences for themselves, their counterparts and the children in cases where they have been born. Operant conditioning is the most suitable strategy here mainly because it accentuates the consequences of a broken marriage that can greatly help individuals in understanding that divorce is a major step that should not be undertaken in response to meager issues. As the study stresses advertisements which portray such consequences can be used as a marketing tool. Celebrities who have born such consequences can be interviewed and they can give out a message to these individuals to think before making such a big decision. Furthermore, for busy individuals, it is important that peaceful cafes in central areas are utilized. This way working couples can take time out for lunch and meet up at these cafes. This will allow them to spend more time with each other. Moreover restaurants, cafes cinemas and hotels should be encouraged to introduce couple deals and discounts which will allow more couples to spend some quality time with each other. Since positive reinforcement is necessary to ensure a health marriage, in addition to providing outdoor entertainment to couples, it is important to encourage the use of marriage counselors. ... Celebrities who have born such consequences can be interviewed and they can give out a message to these individuals to think before making such a big decision. Furthermore, for busy individuals, it is important that peaceful cafes in central areas are utilized. This way working couples can take time out for lunch and meet up at these cafes. This will allow them to spend more time with each other. Moreover restaurants, cafes cinemas and hotels should be encouraged to introduce couple deals and discounts which will allow more couples to spend some quality time with each other. Since positive reinforcement is necessary to ensure a health marriage, in addition to providing outdoor entertainment to couples, it is important to encourage the use of marriage counselors. This will allow them to come across each other’s strengths more often making them less reluctant to end their marriage. Sometimes couples fail to communicate with each other properly which results in misunderstandings and intense disagreements. Marriage counselors can help couples in instilling in themselves some qualities and characteristics that are necessary for a successful relationship. Hence in order to reduce the divorce rates, marriage counselors should be advertised and promoted through television, radio and print media (Daft, 2001). Also organizations should be encouraged to conduct events where employees are invited with their counterparts. This way it will allow both individuals to be part of each other’s professional lives as well allowing them to understand each other better. An employee who has a good marriage is less likely to face any personal problems and therefore will fully concentrate on work. This will help organizations in improving their productivity. The

Consumer Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Consumer Behavior - Essay Example From the discussion it is clear that once the target market has been identified, the next step is to devise an appropriate strategy. Through, Operant conditioning which draws out the link between the behavior and consequence, individuals can be made aware that their behavior of divorce can result in severe consequences for themselves, their counterparts and the children in cases where they have been born. Operant conditioning is the most suitable strategy here mainly because it accentuates the consequences of a broken marriage that can greatly help individuals in understanding that divorce is a major step that should not be undertaken in response to meager issues. As the study stresses advertisements which portray such consequences can be used as a marketing tool. Celebrities who have born such consequences can be interviewed and they can give out a message to these individuals to think before making such a big decision. Furthermore, for busy individuals, it is important that peaceful cafes in central areas are utilized. This way working couples can take time out for lunch and meet up at these cafes. This will allow them to spend more time with each other. Moreover restaurants, cafes cinemas and hotels should be encouraged to introduce couple deals and discounts which will allow more couples to spend some quality time with each other. Since positive reinforcement is necessary to ensure a health marriage, in addition to providing outdoor entertainment to couples, it is important to encourage the use of marriage counselors. ... Celebrities who have born such consequences can be interviewed and they can give out a message to these individuals to think before making such a big decision. Furthermore, for busy individuals, it is important that peaceful cafes in central areas are utilized. This way working couples can take time out for lunch and meet up at these cafes. This will allow them to spend more time with each other. Moreover restaurants, cafes cinemas and hotels should be encouraged to introduce couple deals and discounts which will allow more couples to spend some quality time with each other. Since positive reinforcement is necessary to ensure a health marriage, in addition to providing outdoor entertainment to couples, it is important to encourage the use of marriage counselors. This will allow them to come across each other’s strengths more often making them less reluctant to end their marriage. Sometimes couples fail to communicate with each other properly which results in misunderstandings and intense disagreements. Marriage counselors can help couples in instilling in themselves some qualities and characteristics that are necessary for a successful relationship. Hence in order to reduce the divorce rates, marriage counselors should be advertised and promoted through television, radio and print media (Daft, 2001). Also organizations should be encouraged to conduct events where employees are invited with their counterparts. This way it will allow both individuals to be part of each other’s professional lives as well allowing them to understand each other better. An employee who has a good marriage is less likely to face any personal problems and therefore will fully concentrate on work. This will help organizations in improving their productivity. The

Oratorical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Oratorical Analysis - Essay Example On June 12, 2005 Jobs was asked to deliver the commencement address for Stanford University in Palo Alto, California. His humorous and yet serious speech is available on You Tube and also the text of it is available at the University’s web site (2005). In that talk, Mr. Jobs talked about four distinct points: 1) His early life through college, 2) His tenure and abrupt departure from Apple and career thereafter 3) Jobs’ cancer diagnosis and facing death before fifty and 4) The concluding statements. This paper will then attempt to give an Oratorical Analysis on that speech and including the text, along with the You Tube video, other information will be gleaned as needed from Biography’s work on Mr. Jobs (Biography 2012). I. Early Life Steven Paul Jobs was born on February 24, 1955 in San Francisco, California. His father was a Syrian professor at the University of Wisconsin and his mother, Joanne Schieble, was a graduate student. Yet there were two very big proble ms, at least for the post McCarthy and I Like Ike United States of America of 1955. First, his parents were unwed and that was the time period females were sent away in shame if they became pregnant, for they were in â€Å"trouble†. The second and equally just as terrible major issue was that his biological father was Syrian, Abdulfattah Jandali. Biracial relationships were a definite taboo although his parents eventually also produced a daughter, whom Steve Jobs finally met in the eighties. So his mother decided long before Steve’s birth to give him up for adoption. The one stipulation she had was her child be raised by college graduates and the adoption was arranged for a lawyer and his life. Yet there was a huge problem with that; they wanted a girl and Steve was definitely a boy. So they rejected the infant sight unseen. A hasty replacement was obtained with a couple named Clara and Paul Jobs from the Silicon Valley. Although hard working (Clara was an accountant a nd Paul was a machinist) neither had graduated college. As a matter of fact Paul Jobs had never even graduated from high school! Schieble was so upset that she put the adoption on hold for many months before she finally relented, after a compromise was reached and the Jobs’ promised that young Steven would eventually attend college. He eventually met his mother and knew who his father was, although they did not connect. Jobs sarcastically referred to his birth parents as a sperm and egg bank. By all accounts Steven had a happy childhood and it was probably through Paul Jobs that the boy developed his life’s work, for man and son spent many enriching hours in the family garage tinkering with electronics. Yet for all of his accomplishments the boy was not very good in school, even though he tested so highly in elementary school that the educators wanted to propel him forward to high school, a proposition that his parents did not approve. A good part of Jobs’ free thinking philosophy was no doubt shaped by the turbulent decade of the sixties, the very years of young Steven’s formative years. One needs to only watch singer Billy Joel’

Final paper about the Marshall Plan Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Final about the Marshall Plan - Research Paper Example This was after the Second World War. The major aim besides the rebuilding is that it targeted to avert the percolation of the Soviet Communism. It is important to highlight that this plan was employed from April 1948 for a span of four years (Nicolaus, 2008, pg 32). This came into being after the European cities had underwent some serious destructions and even the individual families seriously affected. This was a serious incident and the trade in the continent was adversely affected. The people thereby lived in the refugee camps and got assistance from the United Nations Administration. This was consequently followed by food shortage which was experienced in the harsh seasons of winter. Various infrastructural facilities were attacked aerially while the sea vessels were sunken (John, and Nicholas, 2004, pg 42) This was a speech that was given when the United States could not hold it any longer for the several unsuccessful mediations with the Soviet Union. This was by George Marshall who was the Secretary of the state at Harvard University. In the speech, he assured of the support from America in the making the economic status of the European states to grow through a gradual recovery system. In the speech, what came out so clearly is that Marshall believed that for the country to recover, grow and be economically stable, there has to high levels of cool political climate in the sense that a country has to be peaceful with no form of political violence that would stimulate high massive investments to flow into the economy (Robert, 2008, pg 71). It is important to highlight that the negotiation with the Soviet Union was in January 1947.this was after Marshall was appointed into the office. The officials thereby had to make arrangements on how they could meet the Soviet Foreign minister. The move was aiming at the recovery of Germany for financial economic states. It is important to highlight that for the effective and efficient implementation

Financial Intermediaries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial Intermediaries - Essay Example Financial intermediaries have played a key role in poverty eradication, by financially supporting their customers with investment funds. Their main 21st-century role is providing financial services through innovative ways to the poor in order to increase their capacity of production and quality of life. Since majority of the poor live in rural areas and only depend on agriculture, they are prune to many risks because of income fluctuations. On the other hand, they cannot access insurance markets and conventional credit to offset this. The poor rarely access funds from many formal financial intermediaries due to fear of high risks and costs that are involved in small transactions that are not profitable and the poor are unable to provide collateral security to these institutions.Financial institutions also provide markets for assets of firms by liquidation and restructuring of firms that are in distress. In this case, they sell assets in order to recover bank loans. When they know the synergies existing among firms, they suggest efficient solutions like corporate control and assets reallocation. Siklos asserts that healthy firms search for displaced capital of firms that have become bankrupt, although this may make firms acquire machines that are unsuitable for them. Financial intermediaries also act as centralized markets where they provide ready information on buyers and machines, thus allowing capital, which is displaced, to move to uses that are its productive.

Somebody who changed others lives Research Proposal

Somebody who changed others lives - Research Proposal Example (Dyson) Galileo was one such scientist too who refused to accept the conventional wisdom of his day and propagated ideas and scientific discoveries which clearly challenged the mighty of his days. Galileo was an Italian physicist, astronomer, philosopher as well as inventor who played critical role in the scientific revolution. It is because of his contribution that Galileo is often considered as the father of the modern science. (Reston) His most noteworthy contributions are in the field of astronomy where he not only discovered the four largest satellites of Jupiter but also studied the different phases of the Venus. Above all he invented telescope which allowed physicists to see the cosmos and make important astronomical discoveries. It is also argued that this invention of Galileo was also a start of the era of the technology which has propelled the society to this current level. However, the ideas of the Galileo were considered as rebellious according to the Church and his writings were banned. His ideas on the heliocentrism that earth is not stationary and it revolves around the sun were specially considered as against the religious teachings. In Bible it is written that the world is firm and it cannot be moved therefore the discoveries of Galileo were in direct opposition with the biblical references. It was therefore because of this reason that he was also asked to stand a trial for heresy. During that trial, he was declared in violation of the religious scriptures and therefore was ordered to remain in the house arrest for the rest of his life. His life was saved when he officially retracted his claim that earth is not stationary and indirectly endorsed the claims of the church at that time. The life of the Galileo is truly a life of a rebel because he presented ideas which were vehemently denied yet his ideas decisively shaped the way

Financial Intermediaries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial Intermediaries - Essay Example Financial intermediaries have played a key role in poverty eradication, by financially supporting their customers with investment funds. Their main 21st-century role is providing financial services through innovative ways to the poor in order to increase their capacity of production and quality of life. Since majority of the poor live in rural areas and only depend on agriculture, they are prune to many risks because of income fluctuations. On the other hand, they cannot access insurance markets and conventional credit to offset this. The poor rarely access funds from many formal financial intermediaries due to fear of high risks and costs that are involved in small transactions that are not profitable and the poor are unable to provide collateral security to these institutions.Financial institutions also provide markets for assets of firms by liquidation and restructuring of firms that are in distress. In this case, they sell assets in order to recover bank loans. When they know the synergies existing among firms, they suggest efficient solutions like corporate control and assets reallocation. Siklos asserts that healthy firms search for displaced capital of firms that have become bankrupt, although this may make firms acquire machines that are unsuitable for them. Financial intermediaries also act as centralized markets where they provide ready information on buyers and machines, thus allowing capital, which is displaced, to move to uses that are its productive.

Discussion board reply Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Discussion board reply - Assignment Example do not understand that in the fast paced global operations within business sector, it is significant to appoint HR policies that are competitive and goal-oriented. Thus, with the implication of HRD, many organizations can bring betterment in their working schema (Gilmore & Williams, 2012). The post also incorporates the challenges that the chosen company may undergo. This can surely be followed as a roadmap when it would come to selecting HRD implicated approaches. The core compliance of the policies of HRD with employment population and diversity remains yet another significant pointer that has been discussed in a very effective manner. I would like to provide an addition to the written post i.e. HRD implication to any organization needs a thorough evaluation. It is not easier to conduct HR policies until or unless a thorough research is undertaken regarding the working asset of the company i.e. its workforce which remains widely diversified and effective (Gilmore & Williams,

The context of Church-State Relations Essay Example for Free

The context of Church-State Relations Essay This section sets the context for testing the hypotheses. Historically, church-state relationships have been a recurring and significant source of political controversy in European states. The outcomes of these controversies may be viewed in terms of the following taxonomy: the Erastian model, in which the state has assumed responsibility for the direction of the church; the liberal model, in which the state is secular and neutral in its relationships with the church(es) found in its society; the theocratic model, in which the church has achieved supremacy in religious and secular affairs; the spheres model, in which the church prevails in some spheres and the state in other spheres of society; and the anti-church model, in which the state stands in opposition to the church and seeks to curtail or eliminate religion. The Erastian model. On this model, the state seeks to organize the church as a department of the state. This model is commonly associated with the Protestant German states of the Reformation. The Erastian model confronts the problem of internal religious change, perhaps expressed in controversies over liturgy or doctrinal controversies. From the regulatory perspective, two broad responses to internal change may be taken by the Erastian state. First, the state may simply tolerate a good deal of doctrinal variation within the church viewed as a common religious house. Second, the state may seek to play the role of arbiter or imprimatur in determining the correctness of certain positions in theological disputes. Both positions run the risk of reduced credibility for both the church and the state. The liberal model. The liberal model argues for neutrality of the state in the affairs of churches. It conceives the state as one in which there is no privileged relationship between the state and any particular church. Although the liberal model has its origins in European thought, it may be argued that it has rarely been found in European countries. Few European regimes have adopted neutrality as the basis for church-state regulation. The United States is often judged to be a better example than European nations of the application of the liberal tradition to church-state relations. [14] The United States also is a nation with one of the highest rates of church attendance on either side of the North Atlantic. Does the fact that the American state constructs church-state relations as a wall of separation contribute to the apparently greater American public willingness to attend church and to attach importance to religion? Roger Finke has argued that the deregulation of churches in the United States has promoted religious individualism; that is, for an American church to survive it must attract communicants in the open market by responding to the individuals understanding of religion as one of personal conversion. [15] The theocratic model. Here the church assumes or is given a sphere of influence that embraces both religious and secular spheres. As with the state in the Erastian model, the church is supreme and so the question of the states defining boundaries does not arise. The churchs autonomy in determining public policy is not confined to its membership but embraces the broader community in which the church is located. This model may exist in regions within a state but certainly is not characteristic of nations in Europe today. The best example of a European theocracy in the last century was the Papal states in what is now modern Italy. The spheres model. This model can best be described by saying what it is not. It is not the liberal tradition or the Erastian or the theocratic. Rather, it may be described as the situation in which the society is understood as made up of competing or perhaps complementary spheres. Conflicts between the Holy Roman Emperors and religious hierarchies often reflected this battle over spheres of autonomy. Variations of this model are found in a remarkably wide range of European nations today. These range from nations that profess to be of a certain church, to others that are critical of a specific church. Samuel Krislov argues that the determination of boundaries between church and state is enormously difficult in any system that seeks to recognize separate spheres of responsibility between a church and a state. [16] It is probably useful to conceptualize the spheres model as a continuum. At one end are the Roman Catholic Churches in Ireland and in todays Poland, where the sphere of church influence is quite large and embraces many areas of public policy making. At the other end of the continuum are Scandinavian churches which have narrowly-defined spheres of influence in public policy making. The anti-church model. This final model is one in which the state is deeply critical if not in outright opposition to the church. The former regimes of Eastern Europe reflected an oppositional tradition as historically did the nineteenth and early twentieth century regimes in Mexico and in France which often sought to disestablish or to curtail church life severely. Examples of opposition include expulsion of religious orders, seizure of church resources, and prohibition of many church-sponsored activities.